Roberta B. Aluffi, Giovanni Zincone, (eds.), The Legal Treatment of Islamic Minorities in Europe

Cet ouvrage, issu des travaux d’un colloque qui s’est tenu à Turin les 19-21 juin 2003, présente un tableau des dispositifs juridiques s’appliquant aux « minorités islamiques » en Europe. Le titre pourrait faire débat dans le contexte français où la notion de minorité religieuse ne va pas de soi. Douze pays sont considérés (Allemagne, Autriche, Belgique, Espagne, France, Grèce, Italie, Pays-Bas, Portugal, Roumanie, Royaume-Uni, Suède), donnant lieu chacun à une contribution séparée. Les princ..

PfHRP2 and PfLDH antigen detection for monitoring the efficacy of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>An assessment of the accuracy of two malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) for the detection of <it>Plasmodium falciparum </it>histidine-rich protein 2 (<it>Pf</it>HRP2) or <it>Pf </it>lactate dehydrogenase (<it>Pf</it>LDH) was undertaken in children aged between six and 59 months included in an anti-malarial efficacy study in Benin.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In Allada (Benin), 205 children aged 6-59 months with falciparum malaria received either artesunate-amodiaquine (ASAQ), artemether-lumefantrine (AL), or sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP). Children included in the study were simultaneously followed by both RDT and high-quality microscopy for up to 42 days.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>At the time of inclusion, <it>Pf</it>HRP2-based tests were positive in 203 children (99%) and <it>Pf</it>LDH-based tests were positive in 204 (99.5%). During follow-up, independent of the treatment received, only 17.3% (28/162) of children effectively cured were negative with the <it>Pf</it>HRP2 RDT at day 3, with a gradual increase in specificity until day 42. The specificity of antigen detection with the <it>Pf</it>LDH test was 87% (141/162) on day 3, and between 92% and 100% on days 7 to 42. A statistical difference was observed between the persistence of <it>Pf</it>HRP2 and <it>Pf</it>LDH antigenaemia during follow-up in children treated with artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) but not with SP.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Although both RDTs are as sensitive as microscopy in detecting true malaria cases, the <it>Pf</it>HRP2 RDT had very low specificity during follow-up until day 28. On the other hand, the <it>Pf</it>LDH test could be used to detect failures and, therefore, to assess anti-malarial efficacy.</p

Les mises en guerre de l'État

À partir de l’été 1914, les sociétés européennes paraissent brutalement saisies par la guerre et, ce faisant, saisies par l’État. C’est en son nom que des millions d’hommes vont s’affronter, sous l’uniforme, et que s’opère une gigantesque « mobilisation » des corps, des esprits et des ressources, pour reprendre le terme de l’époque toujours employé par les historiens et les historiennes. Cent ans plus tard, alors que tous les États ayant fait la guerre ont engagé de vastes programmes de commémoration, le moment semblait particulièrement opportun pour comprendre comment l’État parvient à faire la guerre et ce que la guerre fait à l’État. L’emprise de l’État est-elle immédiate, progressive, continue ou discontinue ? Connaît-elle des phases d’essoufflement, des ratés ? S’accompagne-t-elle de phénomènes parallèles de « déprise » ? Loin de toute généralité ou de toute extrapolation hasardeuse, est-il possible de repérer des formes de résistance ou d’évitement ? Interroger le processus de nationalisation des sociétés européennes, tel est l’un des enjeux de cet ouvrage pluridisciplinaire, largement ouvert dans l’espace et dans le temps autour du point de référence de 1914. Composé d’enquêtes bien circonscrites, l’ouvrage s’inscrit dans une histoire sociale de la guerre, et permet de questionner ce qui semble une évidence, au moins en France : la spectaculaire capacité de l’État à mobiliser, presque du jour au lendemain, une société tout entière.From the summer of 1914, European societies seem brutally seized by war and, as a consequence, seized by the State. In the name of the State, millions of men enrolled in the armed forces are to fight one another. Bodies, minds and resources are subjected to a gigantic "mobilization", a contemporary word still used by historians. A hundred years later, when all the warring States, as well as the States that were born from the conflict, are launching ambitious commemorative programs, the moment seems well chosen to study how the State wages war and, in return, how war transforms the State. As part of this vast topic, this international and multidisciplinary (history, political science, sociology) conference will address the invention of the War State, from the perspective of all the processes through which the event has – or does not have – an impact on the organisation, actions and conduct of the public power. The aim is to identify potential changes or limited adjustments, but always within situations of transition born from the conflict. Is the intensification of the State's hold on society immediate or gradual, continuous or discontinuous? Are there slower phases, failures? Is it paralleled with a loss of influence in other areas? Is it possible to detect forms of resistance or avoidance, while refraining from all generalizations and risky extrapolations? Questioning the process of nationalisation of European societies is one of the challenges of this multidisciplinary work, which is widely open in space and time around the 1914 key date. Composed of well-defined surveys, the book falls within a social perspective of war, and allows us to question what seems obvious, at least in France: the spectacular capacity of the State to mobilize, almost overnight, an entire society

Institut d’études de l’Islam et des sociétés du monde musulman – IISMM

Philippe Bourmaud, ATER à l’Université Lyon-III/Jean-Moulin Culture et politique palestiniennes : vers des approches post-identitaires L’axe principal du séminaire 2009-2010 était nominaliste : plutôt que de postuler une identité culturelle palestinienne, avec toute la charge de sens que charrie la notion d’identité, il s’agissait d’interroger ce que nous avons convenu d’appeler le « label palestinien » : soit l’estampille nationale assignée à une variété de pratiques, productions et symboles..

IISMM – Institut d’études de l’Islam et des sociétés du monde musulman

Frédéric Hitzel, chargé de recherche au CNRSTimour Muhidine, chargé de cours à l’INaLCO Art, patrimoine et cultures dans le monde turc et ottoman À ce séminaire, sept intervenants ont accepté de participer pour présenter leurs travaux de recherche en cours et faire partager leur expérience professionnelle. Le 16 novembre 2011, le séminaire a accueilli le poète, essayiste et éditeur turc Enis Batur. Auteur de nombreux essais et romans, dont plusieurs sont traduits en français, il est l’une des..

Institut d’études de l’Islam et des sociétés du monde musulman – IISMM

Jean-Philippe Bras, professeur à l’Université de Rouen Les transformations du droit dans le monde musulman Il s’agissait pour cette première année de séminaire de faire un tour d’horizon des interrogations que suscite le droit islamique dans ses manifestations passées et contemporaines, en identifiant quelques questionnements clés, autour de la configuration des systèmes juridiques, de la dynamique et de la statique du droit, de ses contextes de mise en œuvre. C’était aussi l’occasion d’un pr..

Recombinant forms of Leishmania amazonensis excreted/secreted promastigote surface antigen (PSA) induce protective immune responses in dogs

International audiencePreventive vaccination is a highly promising strategy for interrupting leishmaniasis transmission that can, additionally, contribute to elimination. A vaccine formulation based on naturally excreted secreted (ES) antigens was prepared from L. infantum promastigote culture supernatant. This vaccine achieved successful results in Phase III trials and was licensed and marketed as CaniLeish. We recently showed that newly identified ES promastigote surface antigen (PSA), from both viable promastigotes and axenically-grown amastigotes, represented the major constituent and the highly immunogenic antigen of L. infantum and L. amazonensis ES products. We report here that three immunizations with either the recombi-nant ES LaPSA-38S (rPSA) or its carboxy terminal part LaPSA-12S (Cter-rPSA), combined with QA-21 as adjuvant, confer high levels of protection in naive L. infantum-infected Beagle dogs, as checked by bone marrow parasite absence in respectively 78.8% and 80% of vaccinated dogs at 6 months post-challenge. The parasite burden in infected vaccinated dogs was significantly reduced compared to placebo group, as measured by q-PCR. Moreover, our results reveal humoral and cellular immune response clear-cut differences between vaccinated and control dogs. An early increase in specific IgG2 antibodies was observed in rPSA/QA-21-and Cter-rPSA/QA-21-immunized dogs only. They were found functionally active in vitro and were highly correlated with vaccine protection. In vaccinated protected dogs, IFN-γ and NO productions, as well as anti-leishmanial macrophage activity, were increased. These data strongly suggest that ES PSA or its carboxy-terminal part, in recom-binant forms, induce protection in a canine model of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis by inducing a Th1-dominant immune response and an appropriate specific antibody response. These data suggest that they could be considered as important active components in vaccine candidates