Institut započtení v mezinárodní obchodní arbitráži

Započtení je považováno za jednu z nejdůležitějších obran v arbitrážním řízení. V rámci mezinárodní obchodní arbitráže je započtení zahrnuto v přibližně 15-20 procentech případů. Možnost absorpce vzájemných pohledávek není obecně sporná, nicméně národní úpravy se dramaticky liší. Mimo to, na rozdíl od mnoha jiných právních mechanismů, je započtení vždy tvořeno nejméně dvěma pohledávkami, které mohou být navíc předměty odlišných právních režimů, což může vést k sérii obtížných otázek týkajících se nejen rozhodného práva, ale i příslušnosti ohledně započtení. Centrum kontroverze spočívá v situaci, kdy žalovaný namítne započtení své protipohledávky, která nespadá do rozsahu dané rozhodčí smlouvy. Rozhodci se poté mohou dostat do velmi složité situace, jelikož musí najít, v případě absence jasného pravidla, přiměřené limity své příslušnosti. Cílem této práce je nalezení limitů přípustnosti započtení protipohledávky, o které by tribunál nebyl obyčejně příslušný rozhodnout. Práce navrhuje právní rámec a soubor osvědčených postupů, které by měly být přijaty, aby byla posílena právní jistota, procesní efektivita a účinné fungování započtení v rámci mezinárodní obchodní arbitráže.Set-off is meant to be one of the most important defences in arbitration proceedings. About 15 - 20 per cent of all international arbitrations involve set-off defence. There is not much dispute about the possibility to virtually extinguish mutual claims of the parties however national concepts of set-off differ dramatically. Moreover, in contrast to most other legal mechanisms set-off is always formed by no less than two obligations. These obligations may be regarded differently and be subject to different laws which can lead to a series of difficult questions regarding not only choice-of-law but also judicial competence. The centrum of the controversy lays in the situation when the defendant raises his cross-claim, which falls outside the scope of an arbitration agreement, to be mutually offset. Arbitrators can be in a very difficult position as they have to find, in the absence of any clear rule, reasonable limits of the adjudication of set-off. This work aims to find out what should be the limits of the adjudication of set-off with the cross-claim over which the tribunal normally wouldn't be competent to decide. There is offered a legal framework with a set of good practices which should be followed in order to strengthen legal certainty, procedural efficiency and effective functioning of...Department of Business LawKatedra obchodního právaFaculty of LawPrávnická fakult

The compliance game: legal endogeneity in anti-bribery settlement negotiations

In line with a wider expansion of global governance tools to prevent and punish corruption, the enforcement of anti-foreign bribery laws is increasing. Yet few cases are tested in court; rather, confidential negotiations and out-of-court settlements have become the norm. Many argue that this favours the enforcement authorities, since even firms with a good defence are reluctant to risk a trial when settlement appears a safer option, but there is very little evidence about what really happens in anti-foreign bribery negotiations and how companies and enforcement authorities interact during this process. Through qualitative research with participants in negotiations for settlements of the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the United Kingdom Bribery Act, we find evidence that companies have considerable power to influence how the law is interpreted and implemented. In particular, companies use compliance programs to signal good character, while enforcement authorities willingly accept these symbols as justification for settling out of court or acting leniently. Companies therefore play a key role in shaping the law in places where it is ambiguous, an interesting example of ‘legal endogeneity’, whereby the subjects of the law help to shape its meaning

Using of Virtual Instrumentation in the Teaching of Autotronics

This chapter presents using of virtual instrumentation for improvement of teaching and demonstration of communication of one of the most popular automotive buses CAN BUS. Virtual instrumentation is used in several ways for easier understanding of communication by using the automotive bus. The first way is a demonstration by visualization of data of programable gateway. The second way of using virtual instrumentation is the visualization of the instrument cluster which is controlled by the student’s development kit with the microprocessor. The visualization is also used for the demonstrational panel which consists of a development kit, instrument cluster, turbocharger, and accelerator pedal. The communication with these components is also visualized. The last usage of virtual instrumentation is controlling real instrument clusters from Skoda and VW vehicles using LabVIEW and CAN BUS interfaces. In both, controlling and visualizing of instrument cluster are used the same messages as in real vehicle, so it is easier for students to understand the structure of communication through automotive buses of the real vehicle