State by State Comparison: 3 Ways to Count Rural People with Disabilities

There is no state in which all three categories have the same numbers

Metalloporphyrins inactivate caspase-3 and -8

Activation of caspases represents one of the earliest biochemical indicators for apoptotic cell death. Therefore, measurement of caspase activity is a widely used and generally accepted method to determine apoptosis in a wide range of in vivo and in vitro settings. Numerous publications characterize the role of the heme-catabolizing enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in regulating apoptotic processes. Different metalloporphyrins representing inducers and inhibitors of this enzyme are often used, followed by assessment of apoptotic cell death. In the present work, we found that caspase-3-like activity, as well as activity of caspase-8 measured in either Fas (CD95) ligand-treated Jurkat T-lymphocytes or by the use of recombinant caspase-3 or -8, was inhibited by different metalloporphyrins (cobalt(III) protoporphyrin IX, tin and zinc II) protoporphyrin-IX). Moreover, employing the mouse model of Fas-induced liver apoptosis these properties of porphyrins could also be demonstrated in vivo. The metalloporphyrins were shown to inhibit caspase-3-mediated PARP cleavage. Molecular modeling studies demonstrated that porphyrins can occupy the active site of caspase-3 in an energetically favorable manner and in a binding mode similar to that of known inhibitors. The data shown here introduce metalloporphyrins as direct inhibitors of caspase activity. This finding points to the need for careful employment of metalloporphyrins as modulators of HO-1

Fictitious cases as a methodology to discuss sensitive health topics in focus groups

Purpose: It can be challenging to research aspects of people’s health behaviour, attitudes, and emotions due to the sensitive nature of these topics. We aimed to develop a novel methodology for discussing sensitive health topics, and explore the effectiveness in focus groups using prostate cancer and screening as an example. Method: We developed a fictitious case and employed it as a projective technique in focus groups on prostate cancer and screening. The participants were men and their partners who lived in Denmark. Results: The technique encouraged emotional and cognitive openness in focus group discussions about the risk of prostate cancer, the benefits and harms of screening, and decision-making about screening. It appeared that using the fictitious case allowed the participants to personally distance themselves from the topic, project emotions onto the case, and thereby openly talk about their emotions. Conclusion: This article presents a methodological contribution to communication about sensitive topics in focus groups, using prostate cancer screening as an example. Further refinement of the methodology is needed to enable participants to transfer improvements in knowledge to their own decision about screening

Hvad blev der af ’normalen’? Hvordan overdiagnostik af psykiske sygdomme hos børn bringer pædagogikkens vilkår i forandring

Resume Antallet af børn og unge som diagnosticeres med en psykisk sygdom er stigende. Det betyder dog ikke, at alle de diagnosticerede børn har en sygdom, fordi denne stigning også delvist kan være et udtryk for overdiagnostik. I denne oversigtsartikel redegør vi for, med baggrund i nyeste viden og publicerede artikler, hvad psykiske diagnoser hos børn er, og hvorfor der kan forekomme overdiagnostik. Vi viser desuden, at opfattelser af det ’normale’ ændres, både fordi symptomer kan blive så udbredte, at det ikke længere giver mening at tale om symptomer, men om normal-tilstande, og fordi der er en øget tendens til at medikalisere og diagnosticere adfærd, der er en reaktion på specifikke begivenheder. Vi argumenterer for, at det er en væsentlig baggrundsviden at have for dem, som er beskæftiget inden for det pædagogiske område, særligt i folkeskolen, hvor børnene har den alder, de oftest diagnosticeres i. Vi slutter derfor med en diskussion af overdiagnostik i et pædagogisk perspektiv. Den pædagogiske faglighed kan være nøglen til at være mere præcis over for, hvordan en given adfærd skal tolkes – og kan derved medvirke til, at færre børn bliver overdiagnosticerede med en diagnose, de aldrig får gavn af. Abstract Leaving Normal? How overdiagnosis enter and form the field of pedagogic practiceThe number of children and adolescents diagnosed with mental diseases is rising. It does, however, not mean that all these children necessarily have a mental disease; overdiagnosis is a well-known problem among medical researchers, but the pedagogical researchers and staff also need this insight. In this paper, we provide an overview of mental diagnoses among children and adolescents, the diagnostic procedures that may lead to overdiagnosis and how the concept of normal are constantly changing. This is relevant for the pedagogical staff that will evidently meet children with severe and invalidating mental illnesses, but also children, whose illness and symptoms are potentially overdiagnosed. The professional insights from pedagogy and pedagogical research are much needed if we are to improve the diagnostic process by input to better distinguish between the children who will need medical attention – and thus a diagnosis – and children who may have challenges, but not related to any medical conditions

Hvad blev der af ’normalen’?

Resume Antallet af børn og unge som diagnosticeres med en psykisk sygdom er stigende. Det betyder dog ikke, at alle de diagnosticerede børn har en sygdom, fordi denne stigning også delvist kan være et udtryk for overdiagnostik. I denne oversigtsartikel redegør vi for, med baggrund i nyeste viden og publicerede artikler, hvad psykiske diagnoser hos børn er, og hvorfor der kan forekomme overdiagnostik. Vi viser desuden, at opfattelser af det ’normale’ ændres, både fordi symptomer kan blive så udbredte, at det ikke længere giver mening at tale om symptomer, men om normal-tilstande, og fordi der er en øget tendens til at medikalisere og diagnosticere adfærd, der er en reaktion på specifikke begivenheder. Vi argumenterer for, at det er en væsentlig baggrundsviden at have for dem, som er beskæftiget inden for det pædagogiske område, særligt i folkeskolen, hvor børnene har den alder, de oftest diagnosticeres i. Vi slutter derfor med en diskussion af overdiagnostik i et pædagogisk perspektiv. Den pædagogiske faglighed kan være nøglen til at være mere præcis over for, hvordan en given adfærd skal tolkes – og kan derved medvirke til, at færre børn bliver overdiagnosticerede med en diagnose, de aldrig får gavn af. Abstract Leaving Normal? How overdiagnosis enter and form the field of pedagogic practice The number of children and adolescents diagnosed with mental diseases is rising. It does, however, not mean that all these children necessarily have a mental disease; overdiagnosis is a well-known problem among medical researchers, but the pedagogical researchers and staff also need this insight. In this paper, we provide an overview of mental diagnoses among children and adolescents, the diagnostic procedures that may lead to overdiagnosis and how the concept of normal are constantly changing. This is relevant for the pedagogical staff that will evidently meet children with severe and invalidating mental illnesses, but also children, whose illness and symptoms are potentially overdiagnosed. The professional insights from pedagogy and pedagogical research are much needed if we are to improve the diagnostic process by input to better distinguish between the children who will need medical attention – and thus a diagnosis – and children who may have challenges, but not related to any medical conditions

Forfatterliste

Forfatterlist

English summaries

English summarie

Overdiagnostik som antropologisk forskningsfelt

Overdiagnostik som antropologisk forskningsfel