Influência do nitrato e fosfato no crescimento de Schizomeris leibleinii Kützing (Chaetophorales, Chlorophyta)

Schizomeris leibleinii Kützing é uma alga filamentosa comumente encontrada em ambientes aquáticos continentais eutrofizados ou poluídos por nutrientes orgânicos e é um potencial organismo indicador de poluição orgânica. Estudos envolvendo o cultivo de S. leibleinii sob concentrações variáveis de nitrato e fosfato foram efetuados durante períodos de 50 dias. A biomassa foi expressa através da quantificação da concentração de clorofila a relativa a diferentes tempos de cultivo. Além da análise das curvas de crescimento, os dados obtidos foram submetidos à Anova (uma via) e teste de Tukey para comparação entre os tratamentos. Os resultados revelaram que S. leibleinii apresentou crescimento rápido sob baixas concentrações de nitrato e fosfato, mas o melhor desempenho ocorreu em concentrações altas de nitrato. Verificou-se nesta espécie que condições de estresse ambiental provocam, inicialmente, crescimento rápido, possivelmente acompanhado de intensa reprodução. Apesar do rápido desenvolvimento, a avaliação das curvas de crescimento de S. leibleinii sugere que esta espécie é um estrategista em k. Além disso, a alga mostrou-se mais dependente da concentração de nitrato do que de fosfato, indicando o nitrogênio como limitante do crescimento em meio de cultura.Schizomeris leibleinii Kützing is an algal species commonly found in eutrophic freshwater or in water polluted by organic nutrients and shows high potential as an organic pollution indicator. S. leibleinii was grown at different nitrate and phosphate concentrations for 50 days. Biomass was determined by quantifying chlorophyll a concentrations for different cultivation periods. Besides growth-curve analysis, data were evaluated by ANOVA (one way) and by Tukey's test for comparing treatments. The study revealed that S. leibleinii grew rapidly at low concentrations of nitrate and phosphate, but the best development occurred at high nitrate concentrations. Environmental stress initially promoted fast growth in this species, possibly accompanied by intense reproduction. In spite of the rapid growth of S. leibleinii, growth curves suggested that this species is probably a k-strategist. In addition, the alga was more dependent on nitrate than on phosphate concentration, indicating nitrogen as the limiting nutrient of growth in culture

True branched nostocalean cyanobacteria from tropical aerophytic habitats and molecular assessment of two species from field samples

Aerophytic cyanobacteria are commonly found growing on rocks, tree trunks and soil, but the diversity of these organisms is still poorly known. This complex group is very problematic considering the taxonomic arrangement and species circumscription, especially when taking into account tropical populations. In this work, 20 samples of aerophytic cyanobacteria from 15 distinct sampling sites were collected along a tropical rainforest area at the São Paulo State (Brazil). Samples were dried at room temperature after the collection, and once in the laboratory, they were rehydrated and analyzed. The taxonomic study resulted in the record and description of nine species of true-branched cyanobacteria pertaining to the genera Spelaeopogon (one specie), Hapalosiphon (two species) and Stigonema (six species). The similarity of the flora found when compared to surveys conducted in other geographical regions was relatively low. These differences could be addressed to ecological conditions of the habitats, to the extension of the area surveyed or even to taxonomic misinterpretations. The molecular assessment of 16S rDNA on the basis of field material was successful for two morphospecies, Hapalosiphon sp. and Stigonema ocellatum; however, their relationships with other populations and species revealed to be uncertain. The results of the floristic survey and of the molecular approach evidenced the fragile delimitation of some genera and species in the true branched group of cyanobacteria.Las bacterias aerofíticas crecen comúnmente en las rocas, troncos de árboles y el suelo, pero la diversidad de estos organismos todavía es poco conocida. Este complejo grupo es muy problématico considerando la disposición taxónomica y la circunscripción de las especies, especialmente cuando se toman en cuenta las poblaciones tropicales. En esta investigación, 20 muestras de cianobacterias aerofíticas de 15 distintos sitios de muestro fueron recolectadas a lo largo de un área de selva tropical en el estado de São Paulo (Brasil). Las muestras fueron secadas a temperatura ambiente después de su recolecta, y una vez en el laboratorio, se hidrataron y analizaron. El estudio taxónomico resultó en un registro y descripción de nueve especies de cianobacterias con ramificaciones verdaderas pertenecientes al género Spelaeopogon (una especie), Hapalosiphon (dos especies) y Stigonema (seis especies). La similutud de la flora encontrada en comparación con las encuestas realizadas en otras regiones geográficas fue relativamente baja. Estas diferencias podrían deberse a las condiciones ecológicas de los hábitats, a la extensión de la zona de estudio o incluso a malas interpretaciones taxonómicas. La evaluación molecular del 16S rDNA del material de campo fue un éxito para dos morfoespecies, Hapalosiphon sp. y Stigonema ocellatum, sin embargo, sus relaciones con otras poblaciones y especies revelan que son inciertas. Los resultados del estudio florístico y de la aproximación molecular evidencian la débil delimitación de algunos géneros y especies en el grupo de cianobacterias con ramificaciones verdaderas

True branched nostocalean cyanobacteria from tropical aerophytic habitats and molecular assessment of two species from field samples

Aerophytic cyanobacteria are commonly found growing on rocks, tree trunks and soil, but the diversity of these organisms is still poorly known. This complex group is very problematic considering the taxonomic arrangement and species circumscription, especially when taking into account tropical populations. In this work, 20 samples of aerophytic cyanobacteria from 15 distinct sampling sites were collected along a tropical rainforest area at the São Paulo State (Brazil). Samples were dried at room temperature after the collection, and once in the laboratory, they were rehydrated and analyzed. The taxonomic study resulted in the record and description of nine species of true-branched cyanobacteria pertaining to the genera Spelaeopogon (one specie), Hapalosiphon (two species) and Stigonema (six species). The similarity of the flora found when compared to surveys conducted in other geographical regions was relatively low. These differences could be addressed to ecological conditions of the habitats, to the extension of the area surveyed or even to taxonomic misinterpretations. The molecular assessment of 16S rDNA on the basis of field material was successful for two morphospecies, Hapalosiphon sp. and Stigonema ocellatum; however, their relationships with other populations and species revealed to be uncertain. The results of the floristic survey and of the molecular approach evidenced the fragile delimitation of some genera and species in the true branched group of cyanobacteria.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

The succession dynamics of a macroalgal community after a flood disturbance in a tropical stream from São Paulo State, southeastern Brazil

A dinâmica sucessional de uma comunidade de macroalgas em um riacho tropical (20º58' S e 49º25' W) foi investigada após a ocorrência de um distúrbio promovido pela seqüência de chuvas intensas. Altos níveis de precipitação pluviométrica causaram quase completa perda da comunidade de macroalgas presas ao substrato e provocaram uma forte pressão contra o seu imediato reestabelecimento. Após este distúrbio, um programa de amostragens semanais, conduzido durante o período de maio/1999 a janeiro/2000, foi estabelecido para investigar a recolonização da comunidade de macroalgas. A comunidade sofreu forte alteração durante o processo de sucessão. O número de espécies variou de um a sete por amostragem. A abundância global da comunidade de macroalgas não revelou nenhum padrão de variação temporal consistente. Nos estágios sucessionais iniciais foi verificada uma forte predominância de tufos, seguido por filamentos não ramificados. Estágios sucessionais tardios mostraram ocorrência quase que exclusiva de formas gelatinosas, incluindo filamentos e colônias. A trajetória sucessional foi mediada pela disponibilidade de fósforo e a composição da comunidade seguiu um esquema de alterações segundo as formas de crescimento das espécies. Entretanto, acredita-se que tanto processos determinísticos quanto estocásticos ocorrem em ecossistemas lóticos, porém sendo dependentes da escala de tempo considerada na análise sucessional.The succession dynamics of a macroalgal community in a tropical stream (20º58' S and 49º25' W) was investigated after disturbance by a sequence of intensive rains. High precipitation levels caused almost complete loss of the macroalgal community attached to the substratum and provided a strong pressure against its immediate re-establishment. After this disturbance, a weekly sampling program from May 1999 to January 2000 was established to investigate macroalgal recolonization. The community changed greatly throughout the succession process. The number of species varied from one to seven per sampling. Global abundance of macroalgal community did not reveal a consistent temporal pattern of variation. In early succession stages, the morphological form of tufts dominated, followed by unbranched filaments. Latter succession stages showed the almost exclusive occurrence of gelatinous forms, including filaments and colonies. The succession trajectory was mediated by phosphorus availability in which community composition followed a scheme of changes in growth forms. However, we believe that deterministic and stochastic processes occur in lotic ecosystems, but they are dependent on the length of time considered in the succession analyses.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Branch formation in Pulvinularia suecica (Nostocales, Cyanoprokaryota) and considerations on the classification of dichotomously and pseudodichotomously branched genera

During a study oil stream macroalgae from highland areas of southeastern Brazil ("Serra do Cipo", Minas Gerais State), populations of Pulvinulario suecica were found. Study of the specimens provided a detailed description of the pseudodichotomous branch formation, in which the bifurcation is originated by one cell that remains at the basis of the branch and does not integrate any of the branch "arms". The taxonomical position of Pulvinularia has been debated since the genus was firstly described. During the course of identification and branch formation studies, it became clear that organisms with dichotomous or pseudodichotomous branching type should be placed under the same family. Thus, it is proposed to adopt Capsosiraceae (sensu Bourrely) to group the genera Capsosira, Colteronema, Desmosiphon, Geitleria, Hyphomorpha, Letestuinema, Loriella, Pulvinularia and Stauromatonema. Additional taxonomical and ecological information on the populations are presented.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq