CONSEQUENCES OF ECONOMICAL CRISIS ON EUROPEAN UNION’S COHESION POLICY

The current global economic crisis is a major challenge for the European Union and requires a rapid response to counter the impacts on the whole economy. On of the measure take to the level of the European Union was accelerating investment project. With a financial envelope of over €350 billion for the period 2007-2013, cohesion policy provides considerable support to public investment by the EU's Member States and regions, The paper aim is to analyses the necessary measure takes in order to speed up the implementation of European Union cohesion policy and to help state tackle the challenge brought by the global economic crisis.cohesion policy, convergence, regional competitiveness, employment, economical crisis

POLLUTION’S IMPACT ON THE QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER

Water is essential for life and the way we use water in our activity has a direct impact on the environment. The Report of the Public Health Institute on drinking water quality from urban localities highlighted that the total population potentially exposed to the risk, taking into consideration the age of the distribution networks, water source quality and parameters, is estimated to be about 9.8 million inhabitants in urban areas. The paper analyses the main factors that affect the quality of drinking water, in the conditions than 100 million people in the European region still do not have access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation and the quality of the water supply and sanitation services has deteriorated continuously over the past 15 years, with the rural population being most affected.nitrate contamination, leakage, drinking water, wastewater treatment

Domain structure and magnetization processes of complex magnetic multilayers

The magnetization processes of antiferromagnetically (AF) coupled Co/Pt multilayers on extended substrates and of Co/Pd multilayers deposited on arrays of 58 nm spheres are investigated via magnetic force microscopy at room temperature by imaging the domain configuration in magnetic fields. Adding AF exchange to such perpendicular anisotropy systems changes the typical energy balance that controls magnetic band domain formation, thus resulting in two competing reversal modes for the system. In the ferromagnetic (FM) dominated regime the magnetization forms FM band domains, vertically correlated. By applying a magnetic field, a transition from band to bubble domains is observed. In the AF-exchange dominated regime, by applying a field or varying the temperature it is possible to alter the magnetic correlation from horizontal (AF state) to vertical (FM state) via the formation of specific multidomain states, called metamagnetic domains. A theoretical model, developed for complex multilayers is applied to the experimentally studied multilayer architecture, showing a good agreement. Magnetic nanoparticles have attracted considerable interest in recent years due to possible applications in high density data storage technology. Requirements are a well defined and localized magnetic switching behavior and a large thermal stability in zero fields. The thermal stability of [Co/Pt]N multilayers with different numbers of repeats (N), deposited on nanospheres is studied by magnetic viscosity measurements. The magnetic activation volume, representing the effect of thermal activation on the switching process, is estimated. It is found that the activation volume is much smaller than the volume of the nanosphere and almost independent of the number of bilayers supporting an inhomogeneous magnetization reversal process

Magnetization pinning in modulated nanowires: from topological protection to the "corkscrew" mechanism

Diameter-modulated nanowires offer an important paradigm to design the magnetization response of 3D magnetic nanostructures by engineering the domain wall pinning. With the aim to understand its nature and to control the process, we analyze the magnetization response in FeCo modulated polycrystalline two-segment nanowires varying the minor diameter. Our modelling indicates a very complex behavior with a strong dependence on the disorder distribution and an important role of topologically non-trivial magnetization structures. We demonstrate that modulated nanowires with a small diameter difference are characterized by an increased coercive field in comparison to the straight ones which is explained by a formation of topologically protected walls formed by two 3D skyrmions with opposite chiralities. For a large diameter difference we report the occurrence of a novel pinning type called here the "corkscrew": the magnetization of the large diameter segment forms a skyrmion tube with a core position in a helical modulation along the nanowire. This structure is pinned at the constriction and in order to penetrate the narrow segments the vortex/skyrmion core size should be reduced

Springtails (Hexapoda: Collembola) as soil quality bioindicators in areas with Araucaria angustifolia

Não existem informações sobre a diversidade de colêmbolos associados às florestas com Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Kuntze no Brasil. Este estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar o potencial da diversidade de famílias de colêmbolos como bioindicadores da qualidade do solo e para separar diferentes áreas com araucária, utilizando atributos químicos e microbiológicos do solo como variáveis explicativas. O estudo foi realizado em quatro áreas: 1. floresta nativa com predominância de araucária (NF); 2. reflorestamento de araucária (R); 3. reflorestamento de araucária submetido a incêndio acidental (RF); e 4. pastagem natural com araucárias nativas e ocorrência de incêndio acidental (NPF). Na captura dos organismos, utilizaram-se dez armadilhas, distribuídas ao acaso em cada área, nos mesmos pontos de coleta dos atributos químicos e microbiológicos do solo. O número de colêmbolos de cada família, extraído por armadilhas (abundância), o índice de diversidade de Shannon (H) e a riqueza de famílias foram submetidos à Análise de Variância (ANOVA). A abundância de cada família de Collembola foi submetida à Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP). Considerando as quatro áreas, foram identificadas oito famílias de colêmbolos (Brachystomellidae, Entomobryidae, Hypogastruridae, Isotomidae, Katiannidae, Paronellidae, Sminthuridae e Tomoceridae). A diversidade de famílias de colêmbolos foi maior nas áreas NF e R, em comparação com as áreas RF e NPF. Os atributos químicos e microbiológicos do solo foram eficientes como variáveis explicativas, pois auxiliaram na interpretação das modificações das famílias de colêmbolos. A ACP mostrou que a identificação ao nível de família de Collembola é suficiente para separar as áreas estudadas, além de indicar quais foram as famílias de colêmbolos mais associadas a cada área, o que possibilita sua utilização como bioindicadores de intervenções antrópicas, bem como da qualidade do solo.There is no information about the diversity of springtails associated with Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Kuntze forests in Brazil. This study was carried out to evaluate the potential of springtail family diversity as a soil quality indicator and to separate different Araucaria areas, using soil chemical and microbiological attributes as explanatory variables. The study was conducted in four areas of: 1. native forest with predominance of Araucaria (NF); 2. Araucaria reforestation (R); 3. Araucaria reforestation burnt by an accidental fire (RF); and 4. native grass pasture with native Araucaria and burnt by an intense accidental fire (NPF). In the capture of the organisms, ten Araucaria trees were randomly selected and pitfall traps were distributed around the selected Araucaria trees, at the same sampling points as for soil chemical and microbiological attributes. The number of springtails of each family extracted per trap (abundance), Shannon's diversity index (H) and family richness in the different areas were evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The abundance of springtails of each family was analyzed by Principal Components Analysis (PCA). Eight springtail families (Brachystomellidae, Entomobryidae, Hypogastruridae, Isotomidae, Katiannidae, Paronellidae, Sminthuridae and Tomoceridae) were identified in the four areas. The diversity of springtail families was always higher in the NF and R areas, in comparison with RF and NPF. The soil chemical and microbiological attributes were effective as explanatory variables, and useful in the interpretation of modifications occurring in springtail families. The PCA showed that the identification at the family level for Collembola was sufficient to separate the four studied areas, and also indicated which springtail families were most associated with each area. This variable can therefore be considered an indicator of soil quality and anthropogenic disturbance in these forests

FINANCIAL CRISIS, SUBSIDIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE EQUATION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Financial crisis, subsidies and climate change in the equation ofsustainable development. An irreducible situation such as the contemporary financialcrisis creates the premises of major overthrow in decision criteria. Meanwhile,significant progresses in overcoming the ecological crisis, fueled mainly by the climatechange are also in relation with such changes. This convergence is easy to be observeddue to logical connections. If its existence was noticed at decisional levels is theoverarching question that structure the paper. Since the answer is positive, there areexplored the visions and plans of measures developed within this confrontation. Thereis applied a global approach and that is why each discussion considers also theimplications of economic globalization and of global environmental action as influencefactors on the path and direction of change

Especies claves para la restauración de las interacciones planta-polinizador en un área degradada de la estepa patagónica

Las interacciones mutualistas planta-polinizador constituyen la base para el funcionamiento de muchos ecosistemas. En ambientes modificados por el hombre, la degradación del hábitat puede causar la declinación de las poblaciones de plantas y animales, y alterar la red de polinización. El objetivo fue identificar especies claves para la restauración de las interacciones planta-polinizador en un área de Pilcaniyeu (Río Negro). El sitio de estudio presenta un contraste de uso separado mediante un alambrado, de un lote con manejo histórico de pastoreo continuo (Llanquimil), de otro con una clausura >20 años (Fistulados). Se registraron en total 188 visitantes florales (VF) correspondientes a 27 especies de insectos, los cuales participaron en 68 interacciones diferentes con 16 especies de plantas (EP). En Fistulados se registró el 66% de los VF y el 72% de las interacciones, mientras que la riqueza de los VF y de las EP también fue mayor que la encontrada en Llanquimil. De las tres especies de plantas en las que se observaron la mayor abundancia y riqueza de VF, dos de ellas fueron compartidas por ambos sitios (Adesmia volckmannii y Senecio filaginoides). Los resultados demuestran que en el sitio sobrepastoreado la red de polinización se encuentra empobrecida en la composición y diversidad de las interacciones y especies. Sin embargo, las especies de plantas que cumplen un rol central en las redes persisten como las especies más visitadas y generalistas, por lo que su identificación y estudio es clave para la rehabilitación de las interacciones planta-polinizador en áreas degradadas.Fil: Sabatino, Cristina Malena. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología. Laboratorio de Artrópodos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Rovere, Adriana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Bran, Donaldo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte; ArgentinaFil: Farina, Juan. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Municipalidad de General Pueyrredon. Secretaría de Cultura. Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales Lorenzo Scaglia; Argentin

Magnetic hardening of Fe30Co70nanowires

3d transition metal-based magnetic nanowires (NWs) are currently considered as potential candidates for alternative rare-earth-free alloys as novel permanent magnets. Here, we report on the magnetic hardening of FeConanowires in anodic aluminium oxide templates with diameters of 20 nm and 40 nm (length 6 μm and 7.5 μm, respectively) by means of magnetic pinning at the tips of the NWs. We observe that a 3-4 nm naturally formed ferrimagnetic FeCo oxide layer covering the tip of the FeCo NW increases the coercive field by 20%, indicating that domain wall nucleation starts at the tip of the magnetic NW. Ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurements were used to quantify the magnetic uniaxial anisotropy energy of the samples. Micromagnetic simulations support our experimental findings, showing that the increase of the coercive field can be achieved by controlling domain wall nucleation using magnetic materials with antiferromagnetic exchange coupling, i.e. antiferromagnets or ferrimagnets, as a capping layer at the nanowire tips.We acknowledge funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7-NMP) under grant agreement no. 280670 (REFREEPERMAG)

Toward Rare-Earth-Free Permanent Magnets: A Combinatorial Approach Exploiting the Possibilities of Modeling, Shape Anisotropy in Elongated Nanoparticles, and Combinatorial Thin-Film Approach

The objective of the rare-earth free permanent magnets (REFREEPM) project is to develop a new generation of high-performance permanent magnets (PMs) without rare earths. Our approach is based on modeling using a combinatorial approach together with micromagnetic modeling and the realization of the modeled systems (I) by using a novel production of high-aspect-ratio (>5) nanostructrures (nanowires, nanorods, and nanoflakes) by exploiting the magnetic shape anisotropy of the constituents that can be produced via chemical nanosynthesis polyol process or electrodeposition, which can be consolidated with novel processes for a new generation of rare-earth free PMs with energy product in the range of 60 kJ/m3 < (BH)max < 160 kJ/m3 at room temperature, and (II) by using a high-throughput thin-film synthesis and high-throughput characterization approach to identify promising candidate materials that can be stabilized in a tetragonal or hexagonal structure by epitaxial growth on selected substrates, under various conditions of pressure, stoichiometry, and temperature. In this article, we report the progress so far in selected phases.This work is supported by European Commission (REFREEPERMAG project) grant number GA-NMP3-SL-2012-280670