208 research outputs found
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Evidence of rare backflow and skin-friction critical points in near-wall turbulence using micropillar imaging
© 2015 AIP Publishing LLC. The recent discovery of rare backflow events in turbulent boundary layer flows based on the analysis of simulation data has again raised the need of experimental visualizations of wall-shear stress fields in unsteady flows. The localization of critical points, which are thought to strongly correlate with large-scale events in the log-layer, is of importance. Up to now, there is no experimental proof of these rare events and their topological patterns. Their existence in a turbulent boundary-layer flow along a flat plate is shown herein by means of imaging with 2D arrays of flexible micropillars attached at the wall
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Multiple-plane particle image velocimetry using a light-field camera
Planar velocity fields in flows are determined simultaneously on parallel measurement planes by means of an in-house manufactured light-field camera. The planes are defined by illuminating light sheets with constant spacing. Particle positions are reconstructed from a single 2D recording taken by a CMOS-camera equipped with a high-quality doublet lens array. The fast refocusing algorithm is based on synthetic-aperture particle image velocimetry (SAPIV). The reconstruction quality is tested via ray-tracing of synthetically generated particle fields. The introduced single-camera SAPIV is applied to a convective flow within a measurement volume of 30 x 30 x 50 mm³
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Effect of Cilia Orientation in Metachronal Transport of Microparticles
A biomimetic approach is used to generate a directed transversal transportation of micron-sized particles in liquids based on the principle of cilia-type arrays in coordinated motion. Rows of flaps mimicking planar cilia are positioned off-centre along an array of cavities covered with membranes that support the flaps. These membranes are deflected from a concave to a convex shape and vice versa by pneumatic actuation applying positive and negative pressures (relative to the ambient) inside the cavities. As a result, the flap on top of the membrane tilts to the left or right within such a pressure cycle, performing a beat stroke. Since each cavity can be addressed in the device individually and in rapid succession, waves of coordinated flap motion can be run along the wall. Such metachronal waves are generated and transport of particles along the cilia surface is achieved in both symplectic and antiplectic direction. It is shown that the initial tilt of the flaps relative to the wall-normal determines the direction of transport
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Influence of self-adaptive hairy flaps on the stall delay of an airfoil in ramp-up motion
It is known in the case of some birds that the coverts on the upper side of their wings pop-up under critical flight conditions such as the landing approach, thus acting like a brake on the spread of flow separation. Taking experimental investigations as its basis, this paper deals with the influence of various configurations of self-adaptable hairy flaplets located on the lower half of the wing and with chord-length c (dense rows of slender elastomeric flaps, L=0.05c, 0.1c, 0.2c) on the flow around an NACA0020 airfoil at low Reynolds number flow (Re=77×103). Flow evolution along the airfoil when in ramp-up motion (α0=0, αs=20°, reduced frequency k=0.12) was measured with and without hairy flaps, with growth in the chord-normal thickness of the separation region above the airfoil investigated in order to determine stall onset time Ts. Whereas small flaps with L=0.05c do not change the overall stall process, it was possible to use configurations with L=0.1c (double-row, triple-row configuration) to delay stall onset Ts by a factor of around 2-4 when compared with the clean airfoil. The motion of the flaps and the flow field were measured simultaneously at high temporal resolution using high-speed PIV. Correlation between flap motion and velocity distribution showed that backflow induced by vortex structures is indeed prevented by the hairy flaps. A significant difference was identified in the shear-layer roll-up process, which was almost regular and locked with the fundamental frequency on the covered airfoil with no signs of non-linear growth over longer periods. By way of contrast, in the case of the clean airfoil the early merging of the shear-layer vortices and a rapid increase in the thickness of the separation region were observed. It is therefore concluded that mode locking is achieved between flap rows with an interspacing of 0.15c-0.2c, while the fundamental shear-layer roll-up wavelength measured (λ0≈0.15c-0.2c) indicates the relevance of flap row arrangement at the specific Reynolds number. Furthermore, interaction between shear-layer vortices and flaps in the row furthest downstream leads to the beneficial modification of the trailing edge flow in a way which increases bound circulation. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd
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Cavitation by spall fracture of solid walls in liquids
Experiments are carried out to investigate the cavitation process induced by the spill-off from material from a surface in a liquid environment. Therefore, a simplified physical model was designed which allows the optical observation of the process next to a transparent glass rod submerged in a liquid where the rod is forced to fracture at a pre-defined groove. High-speed shadow-imaging and refractive index matching allow observation of the dynamics of the cavitation generation and cavitation bubble breakdown together with the flow. The results show that the initial phase of spill-off is a vertical lift-off of the rod from the surface that is normal to the direction of pendulum impact. A cavitation bubble is immediately formed during spill-off process and grows in size until lateral motion of the rod sets in. While the rod is transported away, the bubble shrinks into hyperbolic shape and finally collapses. This process is regarded as one contributing factor to the high efficiency of hydro-abrasive wear
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Vortex Shedding and Modal Behavior of a Circular Cylinder Equipped with Flexible Flaps
When a cylinder is subject to a flow, vortices will be shed that can lead to strong tonal noise. The modification of the cylinder with soft, flexible flaps made of silicone rubber has been shown to affect the vortex shedding cycle in a way that the Strouhal number associated with the vortex shedding suddenly jumps to a higher value at a certain Reynolds number. In the present study, the effect of the flexible flaps on the vortex shedding is further examined by subsequently reducing the number of flaps and additionally shortening their length. Acoustic measurements and camera recordings of the flap motion, performed in an aeroacoustic wind tunnel, suggest that the sudden jump of the Reynolds number is caused by the movement of the outer flaps. A comparison with the eigenfrequencies obtained from a numerical modal analysis of the different flap rings revealed that the cause of the Strouhal number jump is most likely a lock-in of the natural vortex shedding cycle with the next higher eigenfrequency of the outer flaps
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Feather Vibration as a Stimulus for Sensing Incipient Separation in Falcon Diving Flight
Based on our preceding studies on the aerodynamics of a falcoperegrinus in diving flight along a vertical dam it is known that even when the body shape of the bird is rather streamlined in V-shape some feathers tips may elevate in certain regions of the body. These regions were identified in wind tunnel tests for typical diving flight conditions as regions of locally separated flow. A life-size model in V-shape of a falcoperegrinus with artificial feathers fixed along the body was studied in a wind tunnel to focus on the fluid-structure interaction of feathers located in this sector. The distal ends of the feathers show flow-induced vibrations at typical flight conditions which grow linear in amplitude with increasing angle of incidence until incipient separation. In light of the proven existence of vibration-sensitive mechanoreceptors in the follicles of secondary feathers in birds it is hypothesized that this linear amplitude response offers the bird to sense the angle of incidence during the diving flight using the vibration magnitude as sensory stimulus. Thus the bird in streamlined shape has still a good measure to control its attitude to be in the narrow window of safe angle of incidence. This might have implications also for other birds or technical applications of airfoil sensors regarding incipient separation detection
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Pneumatically actuated biomimetic particle transporter
To prevent the adhesion of particles at surfaces by transporting them along the surface, a new type of pneumatically actuated particle transporter is introduced. The biomimetic approach is based on the transportation principle of particles by cilia arrays due to the generation of metachronal waves. Rows of flaps, which mimic the cilia, are asymmetrically positioned on flexible membranes. The membranes are individually deflected by applying a well-defined pressure profile to achieve a metachronal wave.
Detailed simulations of the membrane and flap deflections as well as a description of the proof-of-concept by applying metachronal waves to the flap arrays are presented
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Aerodynamics of the Cupped Wings during Peregrine Falcon’s Diving Flight
During a dive peregrine falcons can reach velocities of more than 320 km/h and makes themselves the fastest animals in the world. The aerodynamic mechanisms involved are not fully understood yet and the search for a conclusive answer to this fact motivates the three-dimensional (3-D) flow study. Especially the cupped wing configuration which is a unique feature of the wing shape in falcon peregrine dive is our focus herein. In particular, the flow in the gap between the main body and the cupped wing is studied to understand how this flow interacts with the body and to what extend it affects the integral forces of lift and drag. Characteristic shapes of the wings while divingare studied with regard to their aerodynamics using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The results of the numerical simulations via ICEM CFD and OpenFOAM show predominant flow structures around the body surface and in the wake of the falcon model such as a pair of body vortices and tip vortices. The drag for the cupped wing profile is reduced in relation to the configuration of opened wings (without cupped-like profile) while lift is increased. The purpose of this study is primarily the basic research of the aerodynamic mechanisms during the falcon’s diving flight. The results could be important for maintaining good maneuverability at high speeds in the aviation sector
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Starting jet flows in a three-dimensional channel with larynx-shaped constriction
A numerical model for the three-dimensional starting jet flow in a channel with a static larynx-shaped constriction is presented. Detailed resolution of this kind of jet flow is necessary in order to understand the complex coupling between flow and acoustics in the process of human phonation. The numerical model is based on the equation of continuity and the Navier-Stokes equations. The investigations are done with the open source CFD package OpenFOAM. Numerical simulations are performed for a square-sectioned channel geometry, which is constricted with a fixed shape conforming to the fully opened human glottis. Time-dependent inflow boundary conditions are applied in order to model transient glottal flow rates. The setup of the numerical simulations corresponds to the configuration of a model experiment in order to allow detailed validation. The numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental data, when the near-wall region in the glottal gap is adequately resolved by the numerical grid. The results illustrate the complex interactions between the jet flow and the surrounding vortices. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd
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