Surface Modification of Sputtered Ga.

Growth of Ga.5In.5Sb thin films was carried out using a in a r.f. magnetron sputtering system on high-purity quartz glasses as a substrate. The target material for the film was grown in the laboratory using Vertical Bridgmen method. The polycrystallinity of the sputtered films were characterized using x-ray diffraction method. Thegrown films were then treated with Ruthenium (Ru), Platinum (Pt) and Palladium (Pd) ions. XPS studies on the film showed the incorporation of Ru, Pt and Pd along with Ga, In and Sb. However in case of Ru and Pt treated surface a mild oxygen peak was also observed. No such oxide peak was observed in Pd treated surface. SEM studies on the filmswere also carried out which shows the increase in smoothness of the film after Ru and Pt treatment, whereas the surface deteriorated in case of Pd treatment. This can be interpreted as reduction in surface states induced by passivating oxide formed after Ru and Pt treatment. Electrical characterization of the film viz. Vander Pauw resistivity, Hall mobility etc. measurements also showed improved result compared to untreated and Pd treated surface and is been reported. Finallywith chemically treated films Au/Ga.5In.5Sb Schottky diodes were fabricated and electrically characterised for IR detectors

Outflows from starburst galaxies with various driving mechanisms and their X-ray properties

Outflows in starburst galaxies driven by thermal-mechanical energy, cosmic rays and their mix are investigated with 1D and 2D hydrodynamic simulations. We show that these outflows could reach a stationary state, after which their hydrodynamic profiles asymptotically approach previous results obtained semi-analytically for stationary outflow configurations. The X-rays from the simulated outflows are computed, and high-resolution synthetic spectra and broadband light curves are constructed. The simulated outflows driven by thermal mechanical pressure and CRs have distinguishable spectral signatures, in particular, in the sequence of the keV Kα lines of various ions and in the L-shell Fe emission complex. We demonstrate that broadband colour analysis in X-rays is a possible alternative means to probe outflow driving mechanisms for distant galaxies, where observations may not be able to provide sufficient photons for high-resolution spectroscopic analyses

Large-eddy simulation of a particle-laden turbulent channel flow

Large-eddy simulations of a vertical turbulent channel flow with 420,000 solid particles are performed in order to get insight into fundamental aspects of a riser flow The question is addressed whether collisions between particles are important for the ow statistics. The turbulent channel ow corresponds to a particle volume fraction of 0.013 and a mass load ratio of 18, values that are relatively high compared to recent literature on large-eddy simulation of two-phase ows. In order to simulate this ow, we present a formulation of the equations for compressible ow in a porous medium including particle forces. These equations are solved with LES using a Taylor approximation of the dynamic subgrid-model. The results show that due to particle-uid interactions the boundary layer becomes thinner, leading to a higher skin-friction coefcient. Important effects of the particle collisions are also observed, on the mean uid prole, but even more o on particle properties. The collisions cause a less uniform particle concentration\ud and considerably atten the mean solids velocity prole

Aneuploidy Detection in Pigs Using Comparative Genomic Hybridization: From the Oocytes to Blastocysts

Data on the frequency of aneuploidy in farm animals are lacking and there is the need for a reliable technique which is capable of detecting all chromosomes simultaneously in a single cell. With the employment of comparative genomic hybridization coupled with the whole genome amplification technique, this study brings new information regarding the aneuploidy of individual chromosomes in pigs. Focus is directed on in vivo porcine blastocysts and late morulas, 4.7% of which were found to carry chromosomal abnormality. Further, ploidy abnormalities were examined using FISH in a sample of porcine embryos. True polyploidy was relatively rare (1.6%), whilst mixoploidy was presented in 46.8% of embryos, however it was restricted to only a small number of cells per embryo. The combined data indicates that aneuploidy is not a prevalent cause of embryo mortality in pigs

Equine post-breeding endometritis: A review

The deposition of semen, bacteria and debris in the uterus of the mare after breeding normally induces a self-limiting endometritis. The resultant fluid and inflammatory products are cleared by 48 hours post cover. Mares that are susceptible to persistent post-breeding endometritis (PPBEM) have impaired uterine defence and clearance mechanisms, making them unable to resolve this inflammation within the normal time. This persists beyond 48 hours post-breeding and causes persistent fluid accumulation within the uterus. Mares with PPBEM have an increased rate of embryonic loss and a lower overall pregnancy rate than those without the condition. To enhance conception rates, mares at high risk need optimal breeding management as well as early diagnosis, followed by the most appropriate treatment. This article reviews the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of PPBEM and the management of affected mares

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Global leadership, growth drivers Demographic change, advancing standards, economic development, brand penetration : annual report 2003

Title from coverAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:1118. 2985(2003) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo

„Zigeuner“ und Juden in der Literatur nach 1945

Körte M. „Zigeuner“ und Juden in der Literatur nach 1945. In: Diehl E, Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung (BpB), eds. Vorurteile – Stereotype – Feindbilder. Informationen zur politischen Bildung . Vol 271. München: Franzis; 2001: 46–48