Stochastic Particle Flow for Nonlinear High-Dimensional Filtering Problems

A series of novel filters for probabilistic inference that propose an alternative way of performing Bayesian updates, called particle flow filters, have been attracting recent interest. These filters provide approximate solutions to nonlinear filtering problems. They do so by defining a continuum of densities between the prior probability density and the posterior, i.e. the filtering density. Building on these methods' successes, we propose a novel filter. The new filter aims to address the shortcomings of sequential Monte Carlo methods when applied to important nonlinear high-dimensional filtering problems. The novel filter uses equally weighted samples, each of which is associated with a local solution of the Fokker-Planck equation. This hybrid of Monte Carlo and local parametric approximation gives rise to a global approximation of the filtering density of interest. We show that, when compared with state-of-the-art methods, the Gaussian-mixture implementation of the new filtering technique, which we call Stochastic Particle Flow, has utility in the context of benchmark nonlinear high-dimensional filtering problems. In addition, we extend the original particle flow filters for tackling multi-target multi-sensor tracking problems to enable a comparison with the new filter

Epidemiological characteristics of ovarian cancer in Korea

Objective: This study was conducted to examine recent trends in ovarian cancer incidence and mortality and secular trends in demographic factors in Korea. Methods: With the data from Korea Central Cancer Registry, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Korean Death Registry, and World Health Organization`s Statistical Information System, we calculated age-standardized incidence and mortality rates for ovarian cancer. Also we estimated future incidence of ovarian and cervical cancer using linear regression model. To assess the demographic trend, data from national surveys in Korea or results from published papers were searched. Results: Ovarian cancer incidence rate was similar to that in women worldwide but lower than those in Western countries, and the trend has been increased steadily. Ovarian cancer-related mortality rates have been increasing in Korea, even though those in western and some Asian countries, such as China, have been decreasing. Age-specific incidence rate and mortality rate showed steep increases with advancing age. The incidence rate of ovarian cancer was estimated to surpass that of uterine cervix cancer in 2015. Korea showed rapid changes in nutritional, reproductive, and anthropometric factors. Conclusion: These recent trends in ovarian cancer incidence and mortality may be partly attributed to gradual westernizing of life styles and to changes in socio-demographic behavior factors. In particular, the increasing trend in ovarian cancer mortality in Korea may be attributed to a real rise in mortality as well as, in part, a decline in misclassification bias related to an increase in the proportion of deaths confirmed by physician diagnosis.Kolahdooz F, 2010, AM J CLIN NUTR, V91, P1752, DOI 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28415Kim HG, 2010, ELECTROCHEM SOLID ST, V13, pH42, DOI 10.1149/1.3266905Cho GJ, 2010, EUR J PEDIATR, V169, P89, DOI 10.1007/s00431-009-0993-1Hirabayashi Y, 2009, JPN J CLIN ONCOL, V39, P860, DOI 10.1093/jjco/hyp168Park SK, 2009, J KOREAN MED ASSOC, V52, P937Ushijima K, 2009, J GYNECOL ONCOL, V20, P67, DOI 10.3802/jgo.2009.20.2.67Kim K, 2009, J GYNECOL ONCOL, V20, P72, DOI 10.3802/jgo.2009.20.2.72ALTEKRUSE SF, 2009, SEER CANC STAT REV 1*WHO, 2009, MORT BURD DIS EST WH*MIN HLTH WELF FAM, 2009, ANN REP CANC INC 200*KIHASA, 2009, NAT SURV DAT MARR FEBeral V, 2008, LANCET, V371, P303AHN YO, 2007, J PREV MED PUB HLTH, V40, P265PARK MJ, 2006, KOREAN J PEDIAT, V49, P610Brewster WR, 2005, NAT CLIN PRACT ONCOL, V2, P286, DOI 10.1038/ncponc0198Brinton LA, 2005, FERTIL STERIL, V83, P261, DOI 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.09.016Zografos GC, 2004, INT J GYNECOL CANCER, V14, P721JO MW, 2004, J PREV MED PUBLIC HL, V37, P345HWANG N, 2003, HLTH WELL POLICY FOR, V82, P88Moorman PG, 2002, CANCER CAUSE CONTROL, V13, P807PARKIN DM, 2002, IARC SCI PUBLICATION, V155Olaitan A, 2000, BRIT J OBSTET GYNAEC, V107, P1094Risch HA, 1998, J NATL CANCER I, V90, P1774Nugent D, 1998, BRIT J OBSTET GYNAEC, V105, P584KIM NI, 1995, KOREAN J POPUL STUD, V18, P1WHITTEMORE AS, 1992, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V136, P1184PARAZZINI F, 1991, GYNECOL ONCOL, V43, P9*KOR NAT STAT OFF, 1983, KOR STAT INF SYST KOSEGI M, 1966, CANC MORTALITY SELEC*WHO, GLOB 2008*SIZ KOR, COMP EST ACC YEAR*MIN HLTH WELF KOR, KOR NAT HLTH NUTR EX*KOR NAT STAT OFF, PIL RES BIRTH STAT 2*KOR NAT STAT OFF, POP PROJ KOR 2005 20*KOR STAT INF SERV, POP STAT

Erratum to: Population attributable risks of modifiable reproductive factors for breast and ovarian cancers in Korea

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made

Population attributable risks of modifiable reproductive factors for breast and ovarian cancers in Korea

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.Abstract Background Breast and ovarian cancers are predominant female cancers with increasing prevalence. The purpose of this study was to estimate the population attributable risks (PARs) of breast and ovarian cancer occurrence based on the relative risks (RRs) of modifiable reproductive factors and population-specific exposure prevalence. Methods The PAR was calculated by using the 1990 standardized prevalence rates, the 2010 national cancer incidence with a 20 year lag period, the meta-analyzed RRs from studies conducted in the Korean population for breast cancer, and the meta-analyzed RRs from a Korean epithelial ovarian cancer study and a prior meta-analysis, and ovarian cancer cohort results up to 2012. For oral contraceptive and hormone replacement therapy use, we did not consider lag period. Results The summary PARs for modifiable reproductive factors were 16.7 % (95 % CI 15.8–17.6) for breast cancer (2404 cases) and 81.9 % (95 % CI 55.0–100.0) for ovarian cancer (1579 cases). The modifiable reproductive factors included pregnancy/age at first birth (8.0 %), total period of breastfeeding (3.1 %), oral contraceptive use (5.3 %), and hormone replacement therapy use (0.3 %) for breast cancer and included breastfeeding experience (2.9 %), pregnancy (1.2 %), tubal ligation (24.5 %), and oral contraceptive use (53.3 %) for ovarian cancer. Conclusions Despite inherent uncertainties in the risk factors for breast and ovarian cancers, we suggest that appropriate long-term control of modifiable reproductive factors could reduce breast and ovarian cancer incidences and their related burdens by 16.7 % and 81.9 %, respectively

Delayed onset of obesity and glucose tolerance in interleukin 18 deficient mice by single housed condition

Abstract Interleukin 18 (IL18) is a kind of proinflammatory cytokine that belongs to the interleukin-1 family. IL18 is associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. To discover whether body composition parameters in IL18 deficient mouse are altered in single-housed condition, body weight, glucose tolerance, lipid profiles, fat masses, and size of white adipocytes were examined. Mice were housed singly and were divided as follows: C57BL/6 J male (B6-M), IL18 deficient male (IL18-M), C57BL/6 J female (B6-F), IL18 deficient female (IL18-M). Body weight statistically significantly increased in IL18-M at 9 months (p < 0.05). Glucose tolerance occurred in IL18-M at 6 and 9 months. Total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol were statistically significantly increased in IL18-F compared with B6-F at 9 and 12 months, respectively (p < 0.05). Also, total cholesterol of IL18-M was statistically significantly increased compared with B6-F and IL18-F at 9 months (p < 0.05). The perirenal and inguinal fat masses were statistically significantly increased in IL18-M at 9 months (p < 0.05). In addition, the size of white adipocytes was increased in IL18-M at 9 months. In single-housed condition, onset of obesity and glucose tolerance were delayed by 3 months in IL18-M. Taken together, these results suggest that housing condition is a very important factor for weight gain and onset of glucose tolerance in IL18 deficient male mouse