4,967 research outputs found
Vibrational Stability of NLC Linac and Final Focus Components
Vertical vibration of linac components (accelerating structures, girders and
quadrupoles) in the NLC has been studied experimentally and analytically.
Effects such as structural resonances and vibration caused by cooling water
both in accelerating structures and quadrupoles have been considered.
Experimental data has been compared with analytical predictions and simulations
using ANSYS. A design, incorporating the proper decoupling of structure
vibrations from the linac quadrupoles, is being pursued.Comment: 3 pages, 8 figures presented at the LINAC 2002 conference, Gyeongju
Kore
Frictional sliding without geometrical reflection symmetry
The dynamics of frictional interfaces play an important role in many physical
systems spanning a broad range of scales. It is well-known that frictional
interfaces separating two dissimilar materials couple interfacial slip and
normal stress variations, a coupling that has major implications on their
stability, failure mechanism and rupture directionality. In contrast,
interfaces separating identical materials are traditionally assumed not to
feature such a coupling due to symmetry considerations. We show, combining
theory and experiments, that interfaces which separate bodies made of
macroscopically identical materials, but lack geometrical reflection symmetry,
generically feature such a coupling. We discuss two applications of this novel
feature. First, we show that it accounts for a distinct, and previously
unexplained, experimentally observed weakening effect in frictional cracks.
Second, we demonstrate that it can destabilize frictional sliding which is
otherwise stable. The emerging framework is expected to find applications in a
broad range of systems.Comment: 14 pages, 5 figures + Supplementary Material. Minor change in the
title, extended analysis in the second par
Effect of Cooling Water on Stability of NLC Linac Components
Vertical vibration of linac components (accelerating structures, girders and
quadrupoles) in the NLC has been studied experimentally and analytically.
Effects such as structural resonances and vibration caused by cooling water
both in accelerating structures and quadrupoles have been considered.
Experimental data has been compared with analytical predictions and simulations
using ANSYS. A design, incorporating the proper decoupling of structure
vibrations from the linac quadrupoles, is being pursued.Comment: 6 Pages 13 Figures Presented at The Nanobeam 2002 Workshop (Lausanne
Switzerland
Evidence for the evolutionary steps leading to mecA-mediated Ăź-lactam resistance in staphylococci
The epidemiologically most important mechanism of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus is associated with mecA–an acquired gene encoding an extra penicillin-binding protein (PBP2a) with low affinity to virtually all β-lactams. The introduction of mecA into the S. aureus chromosome has led to the emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) pandemics, responsible for high rates of mortality worldwide. Nonetheless, little is known regarding the origin and evolution of mecA. Different mecA homologues have been identified in species belonging to the Staphylococcus sciuri group representing the most primitive staphylococci. In this study we aimed to identify evolutionary steps linking these mecA precursors to the β-lactam resistance gene mecA and the resistance phenotype. We sequenced genomes of 106 S. sciuri, S. vitulinus and S. fleurettii strains and determined their oxacillin susceptibility profiles. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis of the core genome was performed to assess the genetic relatedness of the isolates. Phylogenetic analysis of the mecA gene homologues and promoters was achieved through nucleotide/amino acid sequence alignments and mutation rates were estimated using a Bayesian analysis. Furthermore, the predicted structure of mecA homologue-encoded PBPs of oxacillin-susceptible and -resistant strains were compared. We showed for the first time that oxacillin resistance in the S. sciuri group has emerged multiple times and by a variety of different mechanisms. Development of resistance occurred through several steps including structural diversification of the non-binding domain of native PBPs; changes in the promoters of mecA homologues; acquisition of SCCmec and adaptation of the bacterial genetic background. Moreover, our results suggest that it was exposure to β-lactams in human-created environments that has driven evolution of native PBPs towards a resistance determinant. The evolution of β-lactam resistance in staphylococci highlights the numerous resources available to bacteria to adapt to the selective pressure of antibiotics
Assessing the Added Value of Dynamical Downscaling Using the Standardized Precipitation Index
In this study, the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is used to ascertain the added value of dynamical downscaling over the contiguous United States. WRF is used as a regional climate model (RCM) to dynamically downscale reanalysis fields to compare values of SPI over drought timescales that have implications for agriculture and water resources planning. The regional climate generated by WRF has the largest improvement over reanalysis for SPI correlation with observations as the drought timescale increases. This suggests that dynamically downscaled fields may be more reliable than larger-scale fields for water resource applications (e.g., water storage within reservoirs). WRF improves the timing and intensity of moderate to extreme wet and dry periods, even in regions with homogenous terrain. This study also examines changes in SPI from the extreme drought of 1988 and three “drought busting” tropical storms. Each of those events illustrates the importance of using downscaling to resolve the spatial extent of droughts. The analysis of the “drought busting” tropical storms demonstrates that while the impact of these storms on ending prolonged droughts is improved by the RCM relative to the reanalysis, it remains underestimated. These results illustrate the importance and some limitations of using RCMs to project drought
Quantum Dynamics without the Wave Function
When suitably generalized and interpreted, the path-integral offers an
alternative to the more familiar quantal formalism based on state-vectors,
selfadjoint operators, and external observers. Mathematically one generalizes
the path-integral-as-propagator to a {\it quantal measure} on the space
of all ``conceivable worlds'', and this generalized measure expresses
the dynamics or law of motion of the theory, much as Wiener measure expresses
the dynamics of Brownian motion. Within such ``histories-based'' schemes new,
and more ``realistic'' possibilities open up for resolving the philosophical
problems of the state-vector formalism. In particular, one can dispense with
the need for external agents by locating the predictive content of in its
sets of measure zero: such sets are to be ``precluded''. But unrestricted
application of this rule engenders contradictions. One possible response would
remove the contradictions by circumscribing the application of the preclusion
concept. Another response, more in the tradition of ``quantum logic'', would
accommodate the contradictions by dualizing to a space of
``co-events'' and effectively identifying reality with an element of this dual
space.Comment: plainTeX, 24 pages, no figures. To appear in a special volume of {\it
Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General} entitled ``The Quantum
Universe'' and dedicated to Giancarlo Ghirardi on the occasion of his 70th
birthday. Most current version is available at
http://www.physics.syr.edu/~sorkin/some.papers/ (or wherever my home-page may
be
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