He whenua te utu (The payment will be land)

The food resources available to the pre-European Maori were both scanty and scattered, and each hapu (sub-tribe) was therefore highly mobile within its territory. To safeguard claims to resources - for Maori society was fiercely competitive, and food, which was obtained only by sustained effort, was in consequence its natural 'currency' - the hapu must constantly maintain them, and transmit a record of their usage to their descendants. Claims to territory were expressed by both social and economic activities carried out within it, and only a person who could prove an intimate physical association between the land and every ancestor on his genealogy was entitled to use hapu resources. With the arrival early in the nineteenth century of Europeans, outlets for competition multiplied. Nga Puhi, who raided their neighbours for labour to grow food for the early shipping, acquired great mana from their wealth in guns and in captives. Everywhere they were emulated by other tribes; notably by Te Rauparaha’s Ngati Toa, who migrated from Kawhia to Cook Strait to establish a stranglehold on the trade provided by the shore whalers. The Ngati Toa allies - Ngati Raukawa, Ati Awa - who assisted in the conquest of the South - resented Te Rauparaha’s monopoly of the new wealth, and resented even more his attempts after 1839 to take payment for the lands from the settlers and Government for his imagined claims by conquest to their lands. The arrival of pakeha land purchasers heralded a rush to sell land to substantiate claims (after the traditional manner) by publicly receiving payment for them. The first 'sales', of course, made by a people who knew nothing of land transfer or written deeds, were unwitting; Te Rauparaha and Te Wharepouri of Port Nicholson later stood by them, rather than compromise their right to have taken payment in the first place. The Ati Awa went home to Taranaki to embark on a series of deliberate sales, competing against one another for recognition of their claims in the form of payment from Land Purchase officers. Ihaia Te Kirikumara was one chief who spared nothing in his attempts to take payment for land he claimed at Waitara, and in 1860 he watched in triumph as British troops ousted his opponent Wi Kingi

Статистический анализ показателей инвестиционной деятельности российских и иностранных предприятий по производству электроники и электрооборудования

In this work, a comparative analysis of investment activity indicators of the enterprises in the context of subsection DL ownership forms at the regions level of Russia. Investigations were carried out in the framework of parametric and non-parametric ANOVA using modern computer tools (system Statistica). Enterprise in Russia, foreign and joint ownership, analysis of variance, the production of electronics and electrical equipment, investments, regions of Russia

Disfluency and ageing : a study of healthy older speakers of New Zealand English

The current study examined 115 New Zealand English speakers aged 64-91 years to obtain normative data on fluency. Stuttering-like and normal disfluencies were analysed in speaking tasks of conversation and reading to determine the frequency of disfluencies. Variables of age, sex, years of education, and cognitive functioning were also examined to determine whether these influenced disfluencies. Results indicated no change in stuttering-like and normal disfluencies across age in conversation, yet a small significant increase was found in reading for normal disfluencies. Sex and years of education revealed no significant relationship with total disfluencies produced across age, however there was a significant relationship between cognitive scores and total disfluencies – speakers with higher cognitive scores produced less disfluencies. Age, sex, years of education, and cognitive scores were not significant predictors of stuttering-like disfluencies, though normal disfluencies were. Within the fluency literature, normative data is limited for the ageing population 60+. This study provides normative data for older New Zealand speakers and valuable additional information to assist clinicians in assessment/diagnosis of acquired communication disorders