183 research outputs found

    Etude de l’effet du mode de production des graines et de la saison de culture sur la montaison prĂ©maturĂ©e de l’oignon Allium cepa L., variĂ©tĂ© « Violet de Galmi » au Nord du Burkina Faso

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    Cette Ă©tude visait Ă  Ă©valuer la montaison prĂ©maturĂ©e de la variĂ©tĂ© d’oignon Violet de Galmi en fonction de la saison de culture et du mode de production des semences. L’évaluation a Ă©tĂ© conduite sur des plants d’oignons obtenus Ă  partir de graines issues de cycles de production d’une part annuel et d’autre part bisannuel. L’étude a Ă©tĂ© conduite en 2007 et 2009, en deux saisons distinctes Ă  savoir la saison prĂ©coce Ă  partir d’aoĂ»t et la saison normale Ă  partir d’octobre. L’essai a Ă©tĂ© disposĂ© en blocs complets randomisĂ©s avec quatre rĂ©pĂ©titions. Les paramĂštres mesurĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© le pourcentage de plants ayant manifestĂ© le phĂ©nomĂšne et le dĂ©lai moyen d’émission des hampes florales. On a mesurĂ© en montaison prĂ©maturĂ©e 99,17 ± 1,44% contre 60,00 ± 9,10% en 2007 et 94,92 ± 5,13% contre 29,35 ± 4,40% en 2009, respectivement pour les graines annuelles et bisannuelles. En saison prĂ©coce et normale, le dĂ©lai d’apparition des hampes a Ă©tĂ© de 114,64 et 97,67 jours pour les graines annuelles, contre 127 et 112 jours pour les graines bisannuelles. L’étude a montrĂ© qu’en saison de culture prĂ©coce ou normale, les graines annuelles donnent des plants Ă  montaison plus Ă©levĂ©e, dont les hampes apparaissaient plus tĂŽt.Mots clĂ©s : DĂ©lai de montaison, hampe florale, saison, tempĂ©rature, graines bisannuelles

    Agro morphological characterization of cashew trees (Anacardium occidental L.), in improvement for the high yield and high quality of raw nuts in Burkina Faso

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    The cashew sector has taken a great economic interest, due to the strong global demand for raw nuts. However, in Burkina Faso, the productivity of orchards still remains low, a consequence of a lack of breeding program on the species. In order to increase yields and improve the quality of the raw nut, efficient clones must be developed. Surveys were carried out and a primary in situ collection was made from which a core collection of 15 trees was extracted. An agro-morphological description of the selected trees and an analysis of the structuration of the variability within them were carried out. The study revealed appreciable agro-morphological diversity through shape, size and color of apple, type of inflorescence, fruiting period and the health of trees. A structure of diversity based on agronomic criteria led to identify 5 groups of trees, characterized by an average weight of the nut between 6.64 and 8.32 g, a kernel rate between 28.10 and 31.26% and a yield per tree between 34.27 and 104.42 kg. Performing trees will be erected as heads of clones for the production of grafted plants. La filiĂšre anacarde a pris un grand intĂ©rĂȘt Ă©conomique, suite Ă  la forte demande mondiale en noix brutes. Cependant, au Burkina Faso, la productivitĂ© des vergers demeure encore faible, consĂ©quence d’une absence de sĂ©lection variĂ©tale du matĂ©riel vĂ©gĂ©tal. En vue d’accroĂźtre les rendements et d’amĂ©liorer la qualitĂ© de la noix brute, une recherche de clones performants Ă©tait indispensable. Des prospections ont Ă©tĂ© conduites et une collection primaire in situ a Ă©tĂ© constituĂ©e dont une core collection de 15 arbres a Ă©tĂ© extraite. Une description agro-morphologique des arbres sĂ©lectionnĂ©s et une analyse de la structuration de la variabilitĂ© en son sein ont Ă©tĂ© conduites. L’étude a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© une diversitĂ© agro morphologique apprĂ©ciable Ă  travers la forme, le calibre et la couleur de la pomme, le type d’inflorescence, la pĂ©riode de fructification et l’état sanitaire des arbres. Une structuration de la diversitĂ© basĂ©e sur les critĂšres agronomiques a permis d’identifier 5 groupes d’arbres, caractĂ©risĂ©s par un poids moyen de la noix compris entre 6,64 et 8,32 g, un taux d’amande compris entre 28,10 et 31,26% et un rendement par arbre compris entre 34,27 et 104,42 kg. Les arbres les plus performants constitueront des tĂȘtes de clones pour la production de plants par greffage

    Changes of Peel Essential Oil Composition of Four Tunisian Citrus during Fruit Maturation

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    The present work investigates the effect of ripening stage on the chemical composition of essential oil extracted from peel of four citrus: bitter orange (Citrus aurantium), lemon (Citrus limon), orange maltaise (Citrus sinensis), and mandarin (Citrus reticulate) and on their antibacterial activity. Essential oils yields varied during ripening from 0.46 to 2.70%, where mandarin was found to be the richest. Forty volatile compounds were identified. Limonene (67.90–90.95%) and 1,8-cineole (tr-14.72%) were the most represented compounds in bitter orange oil while limonene (37.63–69.71%), ÎČ-pinene (0.63–31.49%), Îł-terpinene (0.04–9.96%), and p-cymene (0.23–9.84%) were the highest ones in lemon. In the case of mandarin, the predominant compounds were limonene (51.81–69.00%), 1,8-cineole (0.01–26.43%), and Îł-terpinene (2.53–14.06%). However, results showed that orange peel oil was dominated mainly by limonene (81.52–86.43%) during ripening. The results showed that ripening stage influenced significantly the antibacterial activity of the oils against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This knowledge could help establish the optimum harvest date ensuring the maximum essential oil, limonene, as well as antibacterial compounds yields of citrus

    Préservation de la diversité génétique dans le genre Gossypium au Burkina Faso: collecte et évaluations préliminaires de cotonniers locaux

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    Le but de l’étude a Ă©tĂ© de rĂ©unir et d’évaluer la diversitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique des cotonniers traditionnels afin de les valoriser et de les conserver. Dans 243 villages, 336 accessions ont Ă©té collectĂ©es. Pendant la campagne hivernale 2010-2011, une Ă©valuation prĂ©liminaire a Ă©tĂ© faite à partir de 25 caractĂšres qualitatifs et quantitatifs. Les rĂ©sultats ont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© la prĂ©sence d’un grand nombre d’écotypes diffĂ©rents appartenant aux espĂšces diploĂŻdes (Gossypium arboreum et G. herbaceum) et tĂ©traploĂŻdes (G. hirsutum et G. barbadense) de cotonniers cultivĂ©s. Au plan qualitatif, les caractĂšres «forme des feuilles», «forme des capsules» et «couleur du duvet» ont Ă©té les plus discriminants, subdivisant les accessions en 3 groupes. Les variables quantitatives, ont montrĂ© une opposition nette entre celles liĂ©es Ă  l’architecture et celles liĂ©es Ă  la production. L’ACP a mis en exergue 6 groupes de diversitĂ©. Les groupes G1, G2 et G3 Ă©taient homogĂšnes. Les autres groupes, cosmopolites, et la forte dispersion d’accessions dans le plan confirment l’importante diversitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique intra- et inter-Ă©cotypes. Cette richesse gĂ©nĂ©tique sera conservĂ©e, surtout son évaluation approfondie est en cours. Les cotonniers locaux jadis nĂ©gligĂ©s pourraient s’avĂ©rer utiles dans un contexte de changements climatiques et de rĂ©trĂ©cissement continu de la base gĂ©nĂ©tique des variĂ©tĂ©s cultivĂ©es.Mots clĂ©s : Burkina Faso, cotonniers traditionnels, Gossypium spp., prospection-collecte, diversité morphologique

    Phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of Lavandula dentate extracts

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    Le but de ce travail consiste Ă  Ă©tudier la composition des huiles essentielles et des polyphĂ©nols des racines, des tiges et des feuilles de la Lavande dentĂ©e et d’évaluer leurs potentialitĂ©s antioxydantes. L’analyse et la quantification des huiles essentielles a montrĂ© que les feuilles sont les plus riches en huiles essentielles (0.89 mg/g MS) suivies par les tiges (0.68 mg/g MS) et enfin les racines (0,23 mg/g MS). Le constituant majeur de l’HE des racines est: le ÎČ-ocimĂšne. D’autre part, le limonĂšne reprĂ©sente le composĂ© majeur de l’HE des tiges. Quant Ă  l’HE des feuilles, elle est dominĂ©e par le camphre. D’autre part, nos rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© que les organes de la lavande montrent des teneurs en polyphĂ©nols totaux Ă©levĂ©es et variables selon l’organe Ă©tudiĂ©. En effet, les extraits des racines sont caractĂ©risĂ©s par le contenu le plus Ă©levĂ© en polyphĂ©nols. D’autre part, l’étude de l’activitĂ© antioxydante des extraits des diffĂ©rents organes a indiquĂ© que les extraits de la racine sont particuliĂšrement les plus actifs et que leur analyse par RP-HPLC a montrĂ© que ces derniers sont riches essentiellement en acide rosmarinique. Finalement, les extraits de la Lavande dentĂ©e et particuliĂšrement ceux de la racine peuvent ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ©s comme des sources alternatives d’antioxydants naturels puissants qui peuvent ĂȘtre utilisĂ©s en industrie agroalimentaire et pharmaceutique.In this study, Lavandula dentata organs (roots, stems and leaves) were investigated for their essential oils, total phenolics, flavonoids contents and antioxidant activities. Essential oil yields were 0.22% in roots, 0.68 % in stems and 0.89 % in flowers. Major components of the oils were ÎČ-ocimene, limonene and 1,8 cineol in roots, stems and leaves and flowers, respectively. In all organs, total phenolics content ranged from 42.57 to 16.17 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram of dry weight (mg GAE/g DW).The antioxidant activities of Lavandula dentata extracts obtained from the three organs were assessed using two tests (DPPH and reducing power). The root extract was strongly effective as DPPH radical scavenger and reducing agent. Thus, the identification of individual target polyphenolic compounds of roots was performed by RP-HPLC. The major phenolic compound detected in roots was rosmarinic acid. This activity was high enough for the plant to be a new and natural source of strongly antioxidant substances for use as natural additives in food and pharmaceutical industry

    Assessment of Bollgard II cotton pollen mediated transgenes flow to conventional cotton in the farming conditions of Burkina Faso

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    Cotton is the main cash crop in Burkina Faso. However, production is highly affected by bollworms and leafworms in the last years due to the spread out of the resistance of bollworms to most used pesticides. This has led to experiment on Bt cotton from 2003 to 2007. The inevitable coexistence between transgenic and conventional cottons requires the assessment of transgene outflow. The study was carried out from 2004 to 2006, at Farako-BĂą, Boni and KouarĂ©. The presence/absence of transgenes was assessed using Bollgard II detection kits. The experimental design consisted of a Bt plot surrounded by a non-transgenic field. Different distances between the Bt and the non-transgenic field were considered. Application and non application of pest control measure was also taken into account. The results show that without insecticide application, the flow of transgene near the source at 2 m (4.63 %) was different and higher than those of more distant rates. With insecticide application, no transgene flow was detected at ≄ 25 m from the transgenic field. Study must be continued after commercial adoption to draw concrete conclusions and to suggest some strategies to prevent Bt cotton transgene outflow in Burkina Faso.Keywords: Transgenic cotton, Bollgard II cotton, Transgenes, transgene outflow, immunological test, Burkina Faso.African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(33), pp. 5192-519

    Antioxidant and antimicrobial phenolic compounds from extracts of cultivated and wild-grown Tunisian Ruta chalepensis

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    The antioxidant and antibacterial activities of phenolic compounds from cultivated and wild Tunisian Ruta chalepensis L. leaves, stems, and flowers were assessed. The leaves and the flowers exhibited high but similar total polyphenol, flavonoid, and tannin content. Moreover, two organs showed strong, although not significantly different, total antioxidant activity, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging ability, and reducing power. Investigation of the phenolic composition showed that vanillic acid and coumarin were the major compounds in the two organs, with higher percentages in the cultivated organs than in the spontaneous organs. Furthermore, R. chalepensis extracts showed marked antibacterial properties against human pathogen strains, and the activity was organ- and origin-dependent. Spontaneous stems had the strongest activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. From these results, it was concluded that domestication of Ruta did not significantly affect its chemical composition and consequently the possibility of using R. chalpensis organs as a potential source of natural antioxidants and as an antimicrobial agent in the food industry

    Antioxidant and antimicrobial phenolic compounds from extracts of cultivated and wild-grown Tunisian Ruta chalepensis

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    Abstract The antioxidant and antibacterial activities of phenolic compounds from cultivated and wild Tunisian Ruta chalepensis L. leaves, stems, and flowers were assessed. The leaves and the flowers exhibited high but similar total polyphenol, flavonoid, and tannin content. Moreover, two organs showed strong, although not significantly different, total antioxidant activity, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging ability, and reducing power. Investigation of the phenolic composition showed that vanillic acid and coumarin were the major compounds in the two organs, with higher percentages in the cultivated organs than in the spontaneous organs. Furthermore, R. chalepensis extracts showed marked antibacterial properties against human pathogen strains, and the activity was organ- and origin-dependent. Spontaneous stems had the strongest activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa . From these results, it was concluded that domestication of Ruta did not significantly affect its chemical composition and consequently the possibility of using R. chalpensis organs as a potential source of natural antioxidants and as an antimicrobial agent in the food industry
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