Structure-fonction de MARCH1, une E3 ubiquitine ligase régulant la présentation antigénique par le CMH II

Les molécules classiques du CMH de classe II sont responsables de la présentation de peptides exogènes par les cellules présentatrices d’antigène aux lymphocytes T CD4+. Cette présentation antigénique est essentielle à l’établissement d’une réponse immunitaire adaptative. Cependant, la reconnaissance d’auto-antigènes ainsi que l’élimination des cellules du Soi sont des problèmes à l’origine de nombreuses maladies auto-immunes. Notamment, le diabète et la sclérose en plaque. D’éventuels traitements de ces maladies pourraient impliquer la manipulation de la présentation antigénique chez les cellules dont la reconnaissance et l’élimination engendrent ces maladies. Il est donc primordial d’approfondir nos connaissances en ce qui concerne les mécanismes de régulation de la présentation antigénique. La présentation antigénique est régulée tant au niveau transcriptionnel que post-traductionnel. Au niveau post-traductionnel, diverses cytokines affectent le processus. Parmi celles-ci, l’IL-10, une cytokine anti-inflammatoire, cause une rétention intracellulaire des molécules du CMH II. Son mécanisme d’action consiste en l’ubiquitination de la queue cytoplasmique de la chaîne bêta des molécules de CMH II. Cette modification protéique est effectuée par MARCH1, une E3 ubiquitine ligase dont l’expression est restreinte aux organes lymphoïdes secondaires. Jusqu’à tout récemment, il y avait très peu de connaissance concernant la structure et les cibles de MARCH1. Considérant son impact majeur sur la présentation antigénique, nous nous sommes intéressé à la structure-fonction de cette molécule afin de mieux caractériser sa régulation ainsi que les diverses conditions nécessaires à son fonctionnement. Dans un premier article, nous avons étudié la régulation de l’expression de MARCH1 au niveau protéique. Nos résultats ont révélé l’autorégulation de la molécule par formation de dimères et son autoubiquitination. Nous avons également démontré l’importance des domaines transmembranaires de MARCH1 dans la formation de dimères et l’interaction avec le CMH II. Dans un second article, nous avons investigué l’importance de la localisation de MARCH1 pour sa fonction. Les résultats obtenus montrent la fonctionnalité des motifs de localisation de la portion C-terminale de MARCH1 ainsi que la présence d’autres éléments de localisation dans la portion N-terminale de la protéine. Les nombreux mutants utilisés pour ce projet nous ont permis d’identifier un motif ‘‘VQNC’’, situé dans la portion cytoplasmique C-terminale de MARCH1, dont la valine est requise au fonctionnement optimal de la molécule. En effet, la mutation de la valine engendre une diminution de la fonction de la molécule et des expériences de BRET ont démontré une modification de l’orientation spatiale des queues cytoplasmiques. De plus, une recherche d’homologie de séquence a révélé la présence de ce même motif dans d’autres ubiquitines ligases, dont Parkin. Parkin est fortement exprimée dans le cerveau et agirait, entre autre, sur la dégradation des agrégats protéiques. La dysfonction de Parkin cause l’accumulation de ces agrégats, nommés corps de Lewy, qui entraînent des déficiences au niveau du fonctionnement neural observé chez les patients atteints de la maladie de Parkinson. La valine comprise dans le motif ‘’VQNC’’ a d’ailleurs été identifiée comme étant mutée au sein d’une famille où cette maladie est génétiquement transmise. Nous croyons que l’importance de ce motif ne se restreint pas à MARCH1, mais serait généralisée à d’autres E3 ligases. Ce projet de recherche a permis de caractériser des mécanismes de régulation de MARCH1 ainsi que de découvrir divers éléments structuraux requis à sa fonction. Nos travaux ont permis de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de contrôle de la présentation antigénique par les molécules de CMH II.Classical MHC class II molecules are responsible for the presentation of exogenous peptides to CD4+ T cells, which is essential for the establishment of the adaptive immune response. However, problems with recognition of auto-antigens and the subsequent cell elimination are at the root of numerous autoimmune diseases. Manipulation of the antigen presentation pathway in order to eliminate cells that present self-antigens could serve as potential treatments of many autoimmune disorders. It is therefore essential to deepen our knowledge regarding the mechanisms regulating antigen presentation. Antigen presentation is regulated both transcriptionally and post-translationally. Whereas many cytokines affect the latter, IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, causes the intracellular retention of MHC II molecules. This phenotype is the result of the ubiquitination of MHC II -chain cytoplasmic tail by MARCH1. MARCH1 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase expressed in secondary lymphoid organs. Until recently, little was known about the structure-function and the targets of MARCH1. Considering its major impact on antigen presentation, we were interested to study this E3 ligase in order to reveal how it is regulated and what are the required conditions for its function. In a first report, we have investigated the regulation of MARCH1’s protein expression. Our results revealed its autoregulation via dimer formation and autoubiquitination. In addition, we have demonstrated the involvement of MARCH1’s transmembrane domains for dimerization and MHC II interaction. In a second article, we highlighted the importance of MARCH1 localization for its function. Our results indicated that localization motifs in the C-terminal portion of MARCH1 were functional and revealed the presence of some sorting elements in the N-terminal portion of the molecule. A panel of mutant were used and allowed us to identify a ‘’VQNC’’ motif, located in the C-terminal cytoplasmic portion of MARCH1, in which the valine is central for the molecule’s function. Indeed, point-mutation of the valine led to a decrease in MARCH1 ability to relocate MHC II whereas BRET experiments revealed a modification in the spatial organization of the cytoplasmic tails. Moreover, a blast of sequence homology showed the presence or that same motif in others ubiquitine ligases, one of which is Parkin. Parkin is highly expressed in the brain and seems to be implicated in protein aggregates’ degradation. It was reported that malfunction of Parkin leads to the accumulation of aggregates, called Lewy bodies, responsible for the neural functions deficiencies observed in patients with Parkinson disease. Interestingly, a family for which the sickness was genetically transmitted has a mutated valine in the VQNC motif. We believe that the importance of this motif is not restricted to MARCH1 and could be generalized to others E3 ubiquitin ligases. This project enabled us to characterize the regulation mechanisms of MARCH1. In addition, we discovered various structural elements required for its function. Altogether, our data allows for a better understanding of the mechanisms controlling MHC II molecules antigen presentation

Taking a Stab at Cancer; Oncolytic Virus-Mediated Anti-Cancer Vaccination Strategies

Vaccines have classically been used for disease prevention. Modern clinical vaccines are continuously being developed for both traditional use as well as for new applications. Typically thought of in terms of infectious disease control, vaccination approaches can alternatively be adapted as a cancer therapy. Vaccines targeting cancer antigens can be used to induce anti-tumour immunity and have demonstrated therapeutic efficacy both pre-clinically and clinically. Various approaches now exist and further establish the tremendous potential and adaptability of anti-cancer vaccination. Classical strategies include ex vivo-loaded immune cells, RNA- or DNA-based vaccines and tumour cell lysates. Recent oncolytic virus development has resulted in a surge of novel viruses engineered to induce powerful tumour-specific immune responses. In addition to their use as cancer vaccines, oncolytic viruses have the added benefit of being directly cytolytic to cancer cells and thus promote antigen recognition within a highly immune-stimulating tumour microenvironment. While oncolytic viruses are perfectly equipped for efficient immunization, this complicates their use upon previous exposure. Indeed, the host’s anti-viral counter-attacks often impair multiple-dosing regimens. In this review we will focus on the use of oncolytic viruses for anti-tumour vaccination. We will explore different strategies as well as ways to circumvent some of their limitations

In silico trials predict that combination strategies for enhancing vesicular stomatitis oncolytic virus are determined by tumor aggressivity

Background Immunotherapies, driven by immune-mediated antitumorigenicity, offer the potential for significant improvements to the treatment of multiple cancer types. Identifying therapeutic strategies that bolster antitumor immunity while limiting immune suppression is critical to selecting treatment combinations and schedules that offer durable therapeutic benefits. Combination oncolytic virus (OV) therapy, wherein complementary OVs are administered in succession, offer such promise, yet their translation from preclinical studies to clinical implementation is a major challenge. Overcoming this obstacle requires answering fundamental questions about how to effectively design and tailor schedules to provide the most benefit to patients. Methods We developed a computational biology model of combined oncolytic vaccinia (an enhancer virus) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) calibrated to and validated against multiple data sources. We then optimized protocols in a cohort of heterogeneous virtual individuals by leveraging this model and our previously established in silico clinical trial platform. Results Enhancer multiplicity was shown to have little to no impact on the average response to therapy. However, the duration of the VSV injection lag was found to be determinant for survival outcomes. Importantly, through treatment individualization, we found that optimal combination schedules are closely linked to tumor aggressivity. We predicted that patients with aggressively growing tumors required a single enhancer followed by a VSV injection 1 day later, whereas a small subset of patients with the slowest growing tumors needed multiple enhancers followed by a longer VSV delay of 15 days, suggesting that intrinsic tumor growth rates could inform the segregation of patients into clinical trials and ultimately determine patient survival. These results were validated in entirely new cohorts of virtual individuals with aggressive or non-aggressive subtypes. Conclusions Based on our results, improved therapeutic schedules for combinations with enhancer OVs can be studied and implemented. Our results further underline the impact of interdisciplinary approaches to preclinical planning and the importance of computational approaches to drug discovery and development.</p

High Levels of MFG-E8 Confer a Good Prognosis in Prostate and Renal Cancer Patients

Milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor-8 (MFG-E8) is a glycoprotein secreted by different cell types, including apoptotic cells and activated macrophages. MFG-E8 is highly expressed in a variety of cancers and is classically associated with tumor growth and poor patient prognosis through reprogramming of macrophages into the pro-tumoral/pro-angiogenic M2 phenotype. To date, correlations between levels of MFG-E8 and patient survival in prostate and renal cancers remain unclear. Here, we quantified MFG-E8 and CD68/CD206 expression by immunofluorescence staining in tissue microarrays constructed from renal (n = 190) and prostate (n = 274) cancer patient specimens. Percentages of MFG-E8-positive surface area were assessed in each patient core and Kaplan–Meier analyses were performed accordingly. We found that MFG-E8 was expressed more abundantly in malignant regions of prostate tissue and papillary renal cell carcinoma but was also increased in the normal adjacent regions in clear cell renal carcinoma. In addition, M2 tumor-associated macrophage staining was increased in the normal adjacent tissues compared to the malignant areas in renal cancer patients. Overall, high tissue expression of MFG-E8 was associated with less disease progression and better survival in prostate and renal cancer patients. Our observations provide new insights into tumoral MFG-E8 content and macrophage reprogramming in cancer

Enhanced susceptibility of cancer cells to oncolytic rhabdo-virotherapy by expression of Nodamura virus protein B2 as a suppressor of RNA interference

Abstract Antiviral responses are barriers that must be overcome for efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy. In mammalian cells, antiviral responses involve the interferon pathway, a protein-signaling cascade that alerts the immune system and limits virus propagation. Tumour-specific defects in interferon signaling enhance viral infection and responses to oncolytic virotherapy, but many human cancers are still refractory to oncolytic viruses. Given that invertebrates, fungi and plants rely on RNA interference pathways for antiviral protection, we investigated the potential involvement of this alternative antiviral mechanism in cancer cells. Here, we detected viral genome-derived small RNAs, indicative of RNAi-mediated antiviral responses, in human cancer cells. As viruses may encode suppressors of the RNA interference pathways, we engineered an oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus variant to encode the Nodamura virus protein B2, a known inhibitor of RNAi-mediated immune responses. B2-expressing oncolytic virus showed enhanced viral replication and cytotoxicity, impaired viral genome cleavage and altered microRNA processing in cancer cells. Our data establish the improved therapeutic potential of our novel virus which targets the RNAi-mediated antiviral defense of cancer cells

Additional file 1: of Enhanced susceptibility of cancer cells to oncolytic rhabdo-virotherapy by expression of Nodamura virus protein B2 as a suppressor of RNA interference

Figure S1. B2 selectively enhances VSV∆51 replication in other cancer cells. (A) MCF7, HT-29, or SF-295 cells were infected with VSVΔ51 virus and small-RNA deep sequencing was performed. Virus-derived small RNAs have a length bias towards 22-mers. The enrichment for 22-mers is indicated for positive strand vsRNAs. (B) Fluorescence microscopy images of M14 or 786-O cells stably expressing EGFP-B2 or fluorescently-tagged empty vector (mock control). Figure S2. VSVΔ51-B2 does not enhance viral replication in non-cancer healthy cells or alter biodistribution in various organs. (A) Relative metabolic activity of GM38 fibroblasts infected with VSVΔ51-GFP or VSVΔ51-B2 for 48 h at an MOI of 1. The results are expressed as a percentage of the signal obtained compared to mock treatment. NS: P > 0.1, *P < 0.1, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, using Student’s t-test. Only significantly different pairs are indicated on the fig. (B) We performed small-RNA deep-sequencing using MCF7, HT-29, or SF-295 cells infected with VSVΔ51-B2 at an MOI of 0.1 for 18 h. B2 expression in VSVΔ51 virus abrogates genomic cleavage as 22-mer vsRNAs are no longer prominent. VSVΔ51-B2 derived vsRNAs display a bias towards positive strand reads in M14 and 786-O cells. (C) Relative metabolic activity of RENCA cells infected with VSVΔ51-GFP or VSVΔ51-B2 for 48 h at an MOI of 1. The results are expressed as a percentage of the signal obtained compared to mock treatment. (D&E) Biodistribution of VSVΔ51-B2 in tumour-bearing C57BL/6 mice. Viral titers obtained from organs of tumour-bearing C57BL/6 mice, D] 24 or E] 48 hpi. Virus was administered intravenously at a dose of 1E9 pfu of VSVΔ51-GFP or VSVΔ51-B2. For organs where virus was undetectable, the titer was considered to be the value of the limit of detection of titering for this assay (5E1 pfu/organ). NS: P > 0.1, *P < 0.1, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, using Student’s t-test. (PDF 5336 kb

Additional file 2: of Enhanced susceptibility of cancer cells to oncolytic rhabdo-virotherapy by expression of Nodamura virus protein B2 as a suppressor of RNA interference

Table S1. List of primers used in qRT-PCR assays. (DOCX 14 kb