126 research outputs found
Loperamide Therapy for Acute Diarrhea in Children: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND: Loperamide is widely used in adults for acute diarrhea. However, its use in children has been discouraged by the World Health Organization and the American Academy of Pediatrics owing to concerns over safety and efficacy in young children. METHODS AND FINDINGS: To assess the efficacy and adverse effects of loperamide compared with placebo for acute diarrhea in children, we reviewed Medline, EMBase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and bibliographies of known clinical trials and of review articles, and we also interviewed key investigators in the field. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of children younger than 12 y of age with acute diarrhea, comparing loperamide with placebo. Included trials reported data on diarrhea duration or severity, or provided data on adverse effects. Compared with patients who received placebo, patients allocated to loperamide were less likely to continue to have diarrhea at 24 h (prevalence ratio 0.66, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.57 to 0.78), had a shorter duration of diarrhea by 0.8 d (95% CI: 0.7 to 0.9 d), and had a lower count of stools at 24 h (0.84, 95% CI: 0.77 to 0.92). Results were similar when random-effects summaries were estimated. Serious adverse events, defined as ileus, lethargy, or death, were reported in eight out of 927 children allocated to loperamide (0.9%, 95% CI: 0.4% to 1.7%). Serious adverse events were not reported in any of the 764 children allocated to placebo (0%, 95% CI: 0% to 0.5%). Among the children allocated to loperamide, serious adverse events were reported only among children younger than 3 y. CONCLUSIONS: In children who are younger than 3 y, malnourished, moderately or severely dehydrated, systemically ill, or have bloody diarrhea, adverse events outweigh benefits even at doses â€0.25 mg/kg/d. In children who are older than 3 y with no/minimal dehydration, loperamide may be a useful adjunct to oral rehydration and early refeeding
A Meta-Analysis of Probiotic Efficacy for Gastrointestinal Diseases
Background: Meta-analyses on the effects of probiotics on specific gastrointestinal diseases have generally shown positive effects on disease prevention and treatment; however, the relative efficacy of probiotic use for treatment and prevention across different gastrointestinal diseases, with differing etiology and mechanisms of action, has not been addressed. Methods/Principal Findings: We included randomized controlled trials in humans that used a specified probiotic in the treatment or prevention of Pouchitis, Infectious diarrhea, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Helicobacter pylori, Clostridium difficile Disease, Antibiotic Associated Diarrhea, Travelerâs Diarrhea, or Necrotizing Enterocolitis. Random effects models were used to evaluate efficacy as pooled relative risks across the eight diseases as well as across probiotic species, single vs. multiple species, patient ages, dosages, and length of treatment. Probiotics had a positive significant effect across all eight gastrointestinal diseases with a relative risk of 0.58 (95 % (CI) 0.51â0.65). Six of the eight diseases: Pouchitis, Infectious diarrhea, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Helicobacter pylori, Clostridium difficile Disease, and Antibiotic Associated Diarrhea, showed positive significant effects. Travelerâs Diarrhea and Necrotizing Enterocolitis did not show significant effects of probiotcs. Of the 11 species and species mixtures, all showed positive significant effects except for Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Bifidobacterium infantis. Across all diseases and probiotic species, positive significant effects of probiotics were observed for all age groups, single vs. multiple species, and treatment lengths
Rapport au Garde des sceaux, ministre de la Justice sur l\u27application, en 1892 et 1893, de la loi du 26 mars 1891
Hypersensibilité a la lumiÚre chez les migraineux (une étude en tomographie par émission de positon)
Dans la migraine la photophobie repose sur une interaction entre la vision et la nociception. Nous avons employĂ© des stimuli favorisant l'habituation (aucun contraste, thermode dans le territoire du V1), dĂ©crite comme dĂ©ficitaire chez les migraineux en intercrise. Chez les sujets sains, nous avons observĂ© une interaction synergique des stimulations douloureuse et lumineuse : la stimulation lumineuse mettait en jeu un rĂ©seau de modulation impliquant des activations/dĂ©activations du cortex visuel, des noyaux du pont, du thalamus postĂ©rieur, et de l'insula. Chez les migraineux, la stimulation lumineuse a entraĂźnĂ© une hyperactivation du cortex visuel, augmentĂ©e en synergie lors de la stimulation douloureuse. Le rĂ©seau de modulation des sujets sains n'Ă©tait pas retrouvĂ©. Notre hypothĂšse est qu'un dysfonctionnement des noyaux du tronc cĂ©rĂ©bral est Ă l'origine de cette perte du rĂ©seau de modulation, qui serait elle-mĂȘme Ă l'origine de l'hyperactivation du cortex visuel et de la photophobie.TOULOUSE3-BU SantĂ©-Centrale (315552105) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF
42. 17 novembre 1959. DĂ©cret n° 59-1300 crĂ©ant une section d'agriculture africaine au sein de l'Ăcole nationale d'agriculture d'Alger et instituant un titre d'ingĂ©nieur d'agriculture africaine
DebrĂ© Michel, Rochereau Henri, Boulloche AndrĂ©. 42. 17 novembre 1959. DĂ©cret n° 59-1300 crĂ©ant une section d'agriculture africaine au sein de l'Ăcole nationale d'agriculture d'Alger et instituant un titre d'ingĂ©nieur d'agriculture africaine. In: L'enseignement agricole et vĂ©tĂ©rinaire de la LibĂ©ration Ă nos jours. Textes officiels avec introduction, notes et annexes. Paris : Institut national de recherche pĂ©dagogique, 2005. pp. 210-211. (BibliothĂšque de l'Histoire de l'Education, 21
42. 17 novembre 1959. DĂ©cret n° 59-1300 crĂ©ant une section d'agriculture africaine au sein de l'Ăcole nationale d'agriculture d'Alger et instituant un titre d'ingĂ©nieur d'agriculture africaine
DebrĂ© Michel, Rochereau Henri, Boulloche AndrĂ©. 42. 17 novembre 1959. DĂ©cret n° 59-1300 crĂ©ant une section d'agriculture africaine au sein de l'Ăcole nationale d'agriculture d'Alger et instituant un titre d'ingĂ©nieur d'agriculture africaine. In: L'enseignement agricole et vĂ©tĂ©rinaire de la LibĂ©ration Ă nos jours. Textes officiels avec introduction, notes et annexes. Paris : Institut national de recherche pĂ©dagogique, 2005. pp. 210-211. (BibliothĂšque de l'Histoire de l'Education, 21
39. 19 mars 1959. ArrĂȘtĂ© sur le certificat d'aptitude Ă l'enseignement mĂ©nager agricole
Boulloche AndrĂ©, Maurice-Bokanowski Michel, Houdet Roger. 39. 19 mars 1959. ArrĂȘtĂ© sur le certificat d'aptitude Ă l'enseignement mĂ©nager agricole. In: L'enseignement agricole et vĂ©tĂ©rinaire de la LibĂ©ration Ă nos jours. Textes officiels avec introduction, notes et annexes. Paris : Institut national de recherche pĂ©dagogique, 2005. pp. 201-202. (BibliothĂšque de l'Histoire de l'Education, 21
39. 19 mars 1959. ArrĂȘtĂ© sur le certificat d'aptitude Ă l'enseignement mĂ©nager agricole
Boulloche AndrĂ©, Maurice-Bokanowski Michel, Houdet Roger. 39. 19 mars 1959. ArrĂȘtĂ© sur le certificat d'aptitude Ă l'enseignement mĂ©nager agricole. In: L'enseignement agricole et vĂ©tĂ©rinaire de la LibĂ©ration Ă nos jours. Textes officiels avec introduction, notes et annexes. Paris : Institut national de recherche pĂ©dagogique, 2005. pp. 201-202. (BibliothĂšque de l'Histoire de l'Education, 21
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