Indigenization and Liberation

All people must be able to indigenize the Christian faith through the love teachings of Jesus Christ in order to receive the revelation of the cross they bear and recognize the suffering cross from which they need to be liberated. If theology is not indigenized, Christianity remains a Westernized religion that dominates rather than liberates the oppressed by presenting the Christian faith with a Western slant cloaked as a universal religion. Rather than being opposed to each other, as formally thought by liberation theologians, indigenization and liberation are both hermeneutic procedures that seek to fulfill three functions; liberate Christianity from its religio-cultural and socio-political bondage to Westernized values; cater to and find solidarity with the poor and oppressed in their fight against systemic oppression; and finally, show that the struggle for political, social and economic justice—as well as the struggle for a religious and spiritual liberation that comes from the love of God, self and neighbor—is consistent with the gospel of Jesus Christ

A study of the entrapment process in a recirculation flow by video imaging method /

Much water pollution is due to the disposal of liquid waste from industrial and municipal outfalls. The disposed effluent from the outfalls, located on the banks of streams and rivers, affects the pollutant concentration levels along the coast. The effluent in the form of a jet mixes with the crossflow on the upstream side and forms a recirculation region immediately downstream of the discharge. The objective of this thesis, therefore, is to study the behaviour of such polluting effluents with emphasis on its impact along the coast. The study consisted of experiments conducted in a laboratory whereby a dye was introduced at the source of the discharge to act as a tracer; the dyed effluent was discharged from a side channel into an open channel crossflow. The entrapment and the mixing process of the pollutant in the recirculation region were then examined. A video imaging technique was employed to detail the characteristics of the recirculation eddy in terms of the jet and eddy geometry, the steady-state concentration, and the retention time of the dye concentration in the recirculation region. From the video information, a simplified control volume model was developed from which were derived unified relations between the concentration in the recirculation region and the momentum flux ratio of the jet and the crossflow. The resulting data obtained by the video imaging technique are consistent with and complimentary to a number of data sets from previous experimental investigations

Flow pattern and heat transfer past two tandem arranged cylinders with oscillating inlet velocity

Unsteady laminar convective fluid flow and heat transfer past two cylinders in tandem arrangement is investigated. Besides forced mixing by the natural vortex streets, extra imposed oscillating inlet velocity are considered. The lift and drag coefficients and Strouhal number for a single cylinder and their dependence on Reynolds number are also provided to validate the calculations with previous experiments. Different frequencies and amplitudes of the oscillating flows are set as inlet boundary conditions. For the cycle effect, at some specified points of the cycle ratios, the heat transfer enhancement of the upstream cylinder and the downstream cylinder are relatively larger due to the combined-effect of the natural vortex streets and the imposed oscillating inlet flows. The interaction between the natural vortex streets and imposed oscillating inlet flow leads to non-regular shaped vortices with increased flow mixing. For the amplitude effect, Nusselt numbers of the two cylinders are both greatly increased with increased amplitude ratios. With increased amplitude ratios, the vortex street expands and vibrates in a larger region which leads to stronger flow mixing and higher heat transfer. Generally, oscillating inlet flows can efficiently increase the heat transfer of two cylinders in crossflow without increasing the flow rate of the coolants