Commons and Governance: Reinventing informal urban dynamics for a solidarity-based watershed of Caribbean ravines.

peer reviewedCet article propose un regard croisé entre des communs qui émergent à partir d’une ravine à Pétion-Ville (Haïti) dans un contexte où le système politique de l’Etat est défaillant et ceux oubliés dans la commune de Gosier (Guadeloupe), dans une île sous juridiction française soumise aux réglementations françaises et européennes. Nous examinons comment le concept théorique des communs peut être appliqué à la co-construction territoriale et sociale, en favorisant la coopération, la participation et la solidarité. Ces milieux de vie vulnérables sont considérés comme des communs émergents résultant de pratiques sociales et de dispositifs de concertation. Des exemples concrets issus d’autres territoires sont utilisés pour inspirer une co-construction solidaire et montrent comment les dispositifs de concertation et les pratiques sociales peuvent être institués en tant que communs. L'objectif est d'identifier les conditions nécessaires pour établir et co-construire un territoire solidaire et résilient. Nous mobilisons le concept de communs, en soulignant notamment la vision d'Ostrom sur la gestion pérenne des ressources communes et la notion de communs négatifs développée par Monnin et Maurel pour repenser les territoires habitables. Le concept de bassin versant solidaire est ensuite présenté, décrivant l'engagement des acteurs locaux dans des expérimentations collectives pour résoudre les problèmes environnementaux et sociaux. Les dispositifs de concertation et les pratiques sociales sont considérés comme des éléments clés de cette approche. Deux cas sont utilisés pour illustrer les bonnes pratiques de co-organisation équitable et de gouvernance participative afin d’identifier les conditions nécessaires pour faire émerger des territoires solidaires et résilient à Tête de l'Eau (Haïti) ainsi que dans la commune de Gosier (Guadeloupe). Cette recherche encourage à repenser la gestion des héritages négatifs et à favoriser la participation et la solidarité dans la prise en charge du territoire. Cette approche pourrait renforcer la résilience communautaire face aux risques environnementaux et sociaux et aider à co-construire un territoire dit « informel ».10. Reduced inequalities11. Sustainable cities and communities13. Climate action17. Partnerships for the goal

Novel insights into the metabolic and biochemical underpinnings assisting dry-season survival in female malaria mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae complex

The mechanisms by which Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes survive the desiccating conditions of the dry season in Africa and are able to readily transmit malaria soon after the rains start remain largely unknown. The desiccation tolerance and resistance of female An. gambiae M and S reared in contrasting environmental conditions reflecting the onset of dry season ("ods") and the rainy season ("rs") was determined by monitoring their survival and body water loss in response to low relative humidity. Furthermore, we investigated the degree to which the physiology of 1-h and 24-h-old females is altered at "ods" by examining and comparing their quantitative metabotypes and proteotypes with conspecifics exposed to "rs" conditions. Results showed that distinct biochemical rearrangements occurred soon after emergence in female mosquitoes that enhance survival and limit water loss under dry conditions. In particular, three amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and valine) playing a pivotal role in cuticle permeability decreased significantly from the 1-h to 24-h-old females, regardless of the experimental conditions. However, these amino acids were present in higher amounts in 1-h-old female An. gambiae M reared under "ods" whereas no such seasonal difference was reported in S ones. Together with the 1.28- to 2.84-fold increased expression of cuticular proteins 70 and 117, our data suggests that cuticle composition, rigidity and permeability were adjusted at "ods". Increased expression of enzymes involved in glycogenolytic and proteolytic processes were found in both forms at "ods". Moreover, 1-h-old S forms were characterised by elevated amounts of glycogen phosphorylase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and citrate synthase, suggesting an increase of energetic demand in these females at "ods"

Combining two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and metabolomic data in support of dry-season survival in the two main species of the malarial mosquito Anopheles gambiae

In dry savannahs of West-Africa, the malarial mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto complex annually survive the harsh desiccating conditions of the dry season. However, the physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying how these mosquitoes survive such desiccating conditions are still undefined, and controversial. In this context, we provide the first work examining both proteomic and metabolomic changes in the two molecular forms of A. gambiae s.s (M and S forms) experimentally exposed to the rainy and dry season conditions as they experience in the field. Protein abundances of the mosquitoes were measured using a two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2D DIGE) coupled with a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS) for protein identification. These assays were conducted by Applied Biomics (http://www.appliedbiomics.com, Applied Biomics, Inc. Hayward, CA, USA), and the mass spectrometry proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org) via the PRIDE partner repository with the dataset identifier PXD000294. The metabolomic analysis was conducted using both Acquity UPLC() system (for amino acid identification), and a gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry platform (for sugars identification). Metabolomic fingerprintings were assessed in the University of Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6553 EcoBio (France). A detailed interpretation of the obtained data can be found in Hidalgo et al. (2014) [1] (Journal of Insect Physiology (2014))

Reponses to risk and climate change in informal settings in Latin America and the Caribbean : the importance of bottom-up initiatives and structured dialogue

Climate change action in Latin America and the Caribbean must be based on sustained dialogue and linked to a political agenda aimed at redressing social and environmental injustices. This report analyzes factors and conditions that support climate change initiatives from the bottom up, including women-led adaptation strategies. ADAPTO projects work in local/ neighborhood contexts engaging with local leaders and actors on the ground. Context and dialogue are key. Details of various projects are described as well as knowledge sharing workshops and feedback sessions. ADAPTO (2017-2021) initiatives work in the area of disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate response in informal urban settings