Unspoken Factors in Organizational Decision-Making: A Case Study

The sample consisted of 22 participants including C-level, senior executives, and administrative support personnel for a large nonprofit organization in the southeastern United States. The results of the study indicate that unspoken factors exist within organizations, however it is difficult to surface these unspoken factors within a group. This appears to influence the amount of information that it shared in the decision-making process. The present study is a first attempt to operationalize the hidden dimensions proposed by the Covert Process Model (Marshak & Katz, 2001). The research employs an inductive approach based on the assumption that some level of hidden processes occurs during organizational meetings. The researcher observed two of the organization’s executive level meetings, then interviewed select participants

Imaging in gynecological disease: clinical and ultrasound characteristics of intramural pregnancy

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical and sonographic characteristics of intramural pregnancies, the available management options and treatment outcomes. METHODS: This was a retrospective single-center study of consecutive patients diagnosed by ultrasound with an intramural pregnancy, between 2008 and 2022. An intramural pregnancy was diagnosed on ultrasound examination when a pregnancy located within the confines of the uterus, extended beyond the decidual-myometrial junction to involve the myometrium above the level of the internal cervical os. Clinical, ultrasound, relevant surgical and histological information and outcomes were retrieved from each patient's record. RESULTS: Eighteen patients diagnosed with an intramural pregnancy were identified. Median age was 35 (range, 28-43) years. Median gestational age was 8+1 (range, 5+5 - 12+0 ) weeks. Vaginal bleeding with or without abdominal pain was the most common presenting symptom, which was recorded in 8/18 (44%) of patients. 9/18 (50%) of patients had partial and 9/18 (50%) complete intramural pregnancies. Embryonic cardiac activity was present in 8/18 (44%) of pregnancies. The majority of pregnancies [10/18 (56%)] were initially managed conservatively, including expectant management [8/18 (44%)], local injection of methotrexate [1/18 (6%)] and embryocide [1/18 (6%)]. Conservative management was successful in 9/10 (90%) of women with a median hCG resolution time of 71 (range, 32-143) days and median pregnancy resolution time of 63 (range, 45-214) days. One patient with an ongoing live pregnancy had an emergency hysterectomy for a major vaginal bleed at 20 weeks' gestation. No other patients who were managed conservatively experienced any significant complications. The remaining 8/18 (44%) patients had primary surgical treatment, which was mainly in the form of transcervical suction curettage [7/8 (88%)] whist the remaining patient presented with uterine rupture and had an emergency laparoscopy and repair. CONCLUSIONS: We describe the ultrasound features for partial and complete intramural pregnancies with demonstration of key diagnostic features. Our series suggest that when intramural pregnancies are diagnosed before 12 weeks' of gestational age they can be managed with either conservative or surgical treatment, with most women being able to preserve their future reproductive function. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

The effect of distance on observed mortality, childhood pneumonia and vaccine efficacy in rural Gambia.

We investigated whether straight-line distance from residential compounds to healthcare facilities influenced mortality, the incidence of pneumonia and vaccine efficacy against pneumonia in rural Gambia. Clinical surveillance for pneumonia was conducted on 6938 children living in the catchment areas of the two largest healthcare facilities. Deaths were monitored by three-monthly home visits. Children living >5 km from the two largest healthcare facilities had a 2·78 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1·74-4·43] times higher risk of all-cause mortality compared to children living within 2 km of these facilities. The observed rate of clinical and radiological pneumonia was lower in children living >5 km from these facilities compared to those living within 2 km [rate ratios 0·65 (95% CI 0·57-0·73) and 0·74 (95% CI 0·55-0·98), respectively]. There was no association between distance and estimated pneumococcal vaccine efficacy. Geographical access to healthcare services is an important determinant of survival and pneumonia in children in rural Gambia

Self-sensing permanent magnet servo motors

The use of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (PMSMs) has become widespread across numerous applications and industries. Their high power density, efficiency and accuracy of control make them excellent choices, leading them to become the industrial standard. Two issues concerning PMSMs use in recent years have been associated with the elevated cost of rare earth materials required for the Permanent Magnet (PM) rotor poles and the reliance on a direct rotor position sensor such as an encoder. PMSMs require an accurate rotor position feedback within the control scheme, traditionally provided by an encoder or resolver. These devices are excellent at providing the realtime rotor position accurately but have a negative impact on the machine as a whole. Their use increases the size, weight and cost of the electrical machine, while reducing reliability and often limiting use in extreme environments. This has created motivation for sensorless control of PMSMs, which removes the need for a position sensor. Sensorless control can be categorized into two distinctive aspects. The first is the control scheme and focuses on how position dependent properties can be used to estimate rotor position. The second, which has had less focus, is the machine design. This is focused on the ability of a machine to act as a position sensor with clear position dependent properties. Self-sensing machine design is the common term applied to this field since in essence the machine acts as its own position sensor. This thesis is concerned with self-sensing oriented design. The work presented is focused on PMSMs with inset rotor topologies. A methodology was developed to assess the position tracking capability of a machine and incorporated within a traditional machine design optimization routine. The conceptual design of the machine emphasized a generic geometrical topology, accounting for practical material selections and construction techniques. This ensured the design outcome had widespread implications, as opposed to a novel machine design with limited commercial relevance

Self-sensing permanent magnet servo motors

The use of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (PMSMs) has become widespread across numerous applications and industries. Their high power density, efficiency and accuracy of control make them excellent choices, leading them to become the industrial standard. Two issues concerning PMSMs use in recent years have been associated with the elevated cost of rare earth materials required for the Permanent Magnet (PM) rotor poles and the reliance on a direct rotor position sensor such as an encoder. PMSMs require an accurate rotor position feedback within the control scheme, traditionally provided by an encoder or resolver. These devices are excellent at providing the realtime rotor position accurately but have a negative impact on the machine as a whole. Their use increases the size, weight and cost of the electrical machine, while reducing reliability and often limiting use in extreme environments. This has created motivation for sensorless control of PMSMs, which removes the need for a position sensor. Sensorless control can be categorized into two distinctive aspects. The first is the control scheme and focuses on how position dependent properties can be used to estimate rotor position. The second, which has had less focus, is the machine design. This is focused on the ability of a machine to act as a position sensor with clear position dependent properties. Self-sensing machine design is the common term applied to this field since in essence the machine acts as its own position sensor. This thesis is concerned with self-sensing oriented design. The work presented is focused on PMSMs with inset rotor topologies. A methodology was developed to assess the position tracking capability of a machine and incorporated within a traditional machine design optimization routine. The conceptual design of the machine emphasized a generic geometrical topology, accounting for practical material selections and construction techniques. This ensured the design outcome had widespread implications, as opposed to a novel machine design with limited commercial relevance

A newly identified prophage-encoded gene, <i>ymfM</i>, causes SOS-inducible filamentation in <i>Escherichia coli</i>.

Rod-shaped bacteria such as Escherichia coli can regulate cell division in response to stress, leading to filamentation, a process where cell growth and DNA replication continues in the absence of division, resulting in elongated cells. The classic example of stress is DNA damage which results in the activation of the SOS response. While the inhibition of cell division during SOS has traditionally been attributed to SulA in E. coli, a previous report suggests that the e14 prophage may also encode an SOS-inducible cell division inhibitor, previously named SfiC. However, the exact gene responsible for this division inhibition has remained unknown for over 35 years. A recent high-throughput over-expression screen in E. coli identified the e14 prophage gene, ymfM, as a potential cell division inhibitor. In this study, we show that the inducible expression of ymfM from a plasmid causes filamentation. We show that this expression of ymfM results in the inhibition of Z ring formation and is independent of the well characterised inhibitors of FtsZ ring assembly in E. coli, SulA, SlmA and MinC. We confirm that ymfM is the gene responsible for the SfiC phenotype as it contributes to the filamentation observed during the SOS response. This function is independent of SulA, highlighting that multiple alternative division inhibition pathways exist during the SOS response. Our data also highlight that our current understanding of cell division regulation during the SOS response is incomplete and raises many questions regarding how many inhibitors there actually are and their purpose for the survival of the organism.Importance:Filamentation is an important biological mechanism which aids in the survival, pathogenesis and antibiotic resistance of bacteria within different environments, including pathogenic bacteria such as uropathogenic Escherichia coli Here we have identified a bacteriophage-encoded cell division inhibitor which contributes to the filamentation that occurs during the SOS response. Our work highlights that there are multiple pathways that inhibit cell division during stress. Identifying and characterising these pathways is a critical step in understanding survival tactics of bacteria which become important when combating the development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics and their pathogenicity

Three-helix-bundle Protein in a Ramachandran Model

We study the thermodynamic behavior of a model protein with 54 amino acids that forms a three-helix bundle in its native state. The model contains three types of amino acids and five to six atoms per amino acid and has the Ramachandran torsional angles $\phi_i$, $\psi_i$ as its degrees of freedom. The force field is based on hydrogen bonds and effective hydrophobicity forces. For a suitable choice of the relative strength of these interactions, we find that the three-helix-bundle protein undergoes an abrupt folding transition from an expanded state to the native state. Also shown is that the corresponding one- and two-helix segments are less stable than the three-helix sequence.Comment: 15 pages, 7 figure

Measuring socioeconomic inequalities in relation to malaria risk: a comparison of metrics in rural Uganda

ocioeconomic position (SEP) is an important risk factor for malaria, but there is no consensus on how to measure SEP in malaria studies. We evaluated the relative strength of four indicators of SEP in predicting malaria risk in Nagongera, Uganda. 318 children resident in 100 households were followed for 36 months to measure parasite prevalence routinely every three months and malaria incidence by passive case detection. Household SEP was determined using: (1) two wealth indices, (2) income, (3) occupation and (4) education. Wealth Index I (reference) included only asset ownership variables. Wealth Index II additionally included food security and house construction variables, which may directly affect malaria. In multivariate analysis, only Wealth Index II and income were associated with the human biting rate, only Wealth Indices I and II were associated with parasite prevalence and only caregiver’s education was associated with malaria incidence. This is the first evaluation of metrics beyond wealth and consumption indices for measuring the association between SEP and malaria. The wealth index still predicted malaria risk after excluding variables directly associated with malaria, but the strength of association was lower. In this setting, wealth indices, income and education were stronger predictors of socioeconomic differences in malaria risk than occupation

Why is malaria associated with poverty? Findings from a cohort study in rural Uganda

Background Malaria control and sustainable development are linked, but implementation of ‘multisectoral’ intervention is restricted by a limited understanding of the causal pathways between poverty and malaria. We investigated the relationships between socioeconomic position (SEP), potential determinants of SEP, and malaria in Nagongera, rural Uganda. Methods Socioeconomic information was collected for 318 children aged six months to 10 years living in 100 households, who were followed for up to 36 months. Mosquito density was recorded using monthly light trap collections. Parasite prevalence was measured routinely every three months and malaria incidence determined by passive case detection. First, we evaluated the association between success in smallholder agriculture (the primary livelihood source) and SEP. Second, we explored socioeconomic risk factors for human biting rate (HBR), parasite prevalence and incidence of clinical malaria, and spatial clustering of socioeconomic variables. Third, we investigated the role of selected factors in mediating the association between SEP and malaria. Results Relative agricultural success was associated with higher SEP. In turn, high SEP was associated with lower HBR (highest versus lowest wealth index tertile: Incidence Rate Ratio 0.71, 95 % confidence intervals (CI) 0.54–0.93, P = 0.01) and lower odds of malaria infection in children (highest versus lowest wealth index tertile: adjusted Odds Ratio 0.52, 95 % CI 0.35–0.78, P = 0.001), but SEP was not associated with clinical malaria incidence. Mediation analysis suggested that part of the total effect of SEP on malaria infection risk was explained by house type (24.9 %, 95 % CI 15.8–58.6 %) and food security (18.6 %, 95 % CI 11.6–48.3 %); however, the assumptions of the mediation analysis may not have been fully met. Conclusion Housing improvements and agricultural development interventions to reduce poverty merit further investigation as multisectoral interventions against malaria. Further interdisplinary research is needed to understand fully the complex pathways between poverty and malaria and to develop strategies for sustainable malaria control