Die reëls en tussen die reëls van die Korintiërbriewe: Walter Schmithals se ^Die Gnosis in Korinth’

The lines and between the lines of the letters to the Corintians: Walter Schmithals’ ‘Gnosticism in Corinth’The concern of this article is to represent Walter Schmithals’ understanding of the Pauline letters to Corinth from his perspective of Paul’s lively dialogue with gnostic opponents. It is done under the following headings: Introduction; Literary analysis; Opponents; Christology; G nosticism; Anthropology; E thics; Eschatology; Ecclesiology; Paul and the historical Jesus

Eksistensiale verstaan van die Ou Testament: Die teologiese arbeid van Antonius HJ Gunneweg

Existential understanding of the Old Testament: The theological work of Antonius HJ GunnewegGunneweg applies Bultmann's concept of existential understanding to the Old Testament. Existential interpretation means that the text must be laid out in terms of the possibilities of the human existence. The author shows how Gunneweg worked it out under the following headings: Israel; The beginning; Moses; One kingdom or two kingdoms; Paul; Sola scriptura instead of salvation history; Word. The result is that Gunneweg comes to a unique understanding of the relationship between the Old and New Testaments

Walter Schmithals en die Johannese Geskrifte

Walter Schmithals and the Johannine literatureThe article developed from what was originally intended to be a review of Walter Schmithals’s book Johannesevangelium und Johannesbriefe: Forschungsgeshichteund Analyse. Schmithals has since amended some of his earlier views and now presents a historical-critical exegetical summary of the Johannine scriptures. He makes a distiction between the fundamental gospel on the one hand and the gospel and the letters on the other. The prologue and the beloved disciple redaction also receive attention

Gerhardus Marthinus Maritz Pelser, hoogleraar 1972-1989

Gerhardus Marthinus Maritz Pelser, professor 1972- 1989It is the aim of this article to discuss the essentials of the work of Gert Pelser. This is done under five headings: The historical Jesus and the kerygmatic Christ; RudolfBultmann; the canon; diachronic and synchronic readings of texts; biblical theology and dogmatic theology. This is done to shed light on Pelser’s standpoints, andthus to show his expectations of a New Testament scholar. The conclusion is that he has not yet reached a complete awareness of the impact of his own work

Chrístologie: Die historiese Jesus en die kerugmatiese Christus by Walter Schmithals

Christology; The historical Jesus and the kerygmatic Christ according to Walter SchmithalsThis article shows how and why Walter Schmithals undertook to regard the kerygmatic Christ rather than the historical Jesus as the foundation for Christrian theology. In agreement with the first origins of Christian dogma and the dogmatic tradition of the Reformation of the church, he maintains the scriptural witness regarding Jesus Christ. He does so in a manner which deserves respect in the historical-critical approach tothe Bible

A continuous process for the biological treatment of heavy metal contaminated acid mine water

Alkaline precipitation of heavy metals from acidic water streams is a popular and long standing treatment process. While this process is efficient it requires the continuous addition of an alkaline material, such as lime. In the long term or when treating large volumes of effluent this process becomes expensive, with costs in the mining sector routinely exceeding millions of rands annually. The process described below utilises alkalinity generated by the alga Spirulina sp., in a continuous system to precipitate heavy metals. The design of the system separates the algal component from the metal containing stream to overcome metal toxicity. The primary treatment process consistently removed over 99% of the iron (98.9 mg/l) and between 80 and 95% of the zinc (7.16 mg/l) and lead (2.35 mg/l) over a 14-day period (20 l effluent treated). In addition the pH of the raw effluent was increased from 1.8 to over 7 in the post-treatment stream. Secondary treatment and polishing steps depend on the nature of the effluent treated. In the case of the high sulphate effluent the treated stream was passed into an anaerobic digester at a rate of 4 l/day. The combination of the primary and secondary treatments effected a removal of over 95% of all metals tested for as well as a 90% reduction in the sulphate load. The running cost of such a process would be low as the salinity and nutrient requirements for the algal culture could be provided by using tannery effluent or a combination of saline water and sewage. This would have the additional benefit of treating either a tannery or sewage effluent as part of an integrated process

Observations of the habitats and biodiversity of the submarine canyons at Sodwana Bay

The discovery of coelacanths, Latimeria chalumnae, in Jesser Canyon off Sodwana Bay in northern KwaZulu-Natal in 2000 triggered renewed interest in the deep subtidal habitats associated with submarine canyons. Information stemming from three recreational Trimix diving expeditions in Wright and Jesser canyons between April 1998 and June 2001 revealed distinct and diverse invertebrate and fish communities in the canyons of the Greater St Lucia Wetland Park (GSLWP). In total, 69 invertebrate taxa were collected from Wright Canyon, including at least 15 new records for South Africa plus 11 potential new species and 16 range or depth extensions. Divers documented the first five coelacanth specimens and obtained information on fish distribution and abundance. Five different habitat types were recognized supporting distinct biological communities; the sandy plains outside of the canyons, scattered rock outcrops within the sandy plains, the canyon margin, canyon walls and caves and overhangs. The canyon margin is the richest habitat and supports dense communities of invertebrate suspension feeders, as well as a diverse and abundant fish fauna. Dominant canyon invertebrates included sponges, black corals, gorgonians, alcyonarian soft corals and stylasterine lace corals. These invertebrates support a diverse epifauna including basket- and brittlestars, winged oysters and other molluscs. The canyons within the GSLWP protect large populations of commercially important linefish species including the sparids, Chrysoblephus puniceus, C. anglicus, Polysteganus praeorbitalis and P. caeruleopunctatus, as well as several species of serranids and lutjanids. Additional biological sampling and standardized quantitative sampling within the canyons and deep reefs is required to develop a better understanding of their biological communities and the factors that shape them