BLOOM: A 176B-Parameter Open-Access Multilingual Language Model

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License

Multi-Hybrid Power Vehicles with Cost Effective and Durable Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell and Li-ion Battery

Anima Bose, the principal investigator of the project, originally proposed to develop composite membranes to operate PEMFCs at much higher temperatures than 80{degrees}C and to alleviate the flooding problems often encountered in Nafion menmbrane containing fuel cells. The PI has successfully created composite membranes by blending small quantities of octasilane-poss (OSP) with Nafion. The composite membranes exhibited temperature tolerance up to 110{degrees}C without scarifying cell performance as determined by polarization curves and proton conductivity measurements. These membranes also exhibited superior water management performance as evident from the lack of flooding. Furthermore, these fuel cells performed well under reduced humidities. Structural and thermal analyses revealed that these Nafion-octasilane composite membranes are homogenous at concentrations up to 3 wt% of the OSP and that the siloxane offers additional thermal stability

Mechanochemistry of supramolecules

The urge to use alternative energy sources has gained significant attention in the eye of chemists in recent years. Solution-based traditional syntheses are extremely useful, although they are often associated with certain disadvantages like generation of waste as by-products, use of large quantities of solvents which causes environmental hazard, etc. Contrastingly, achieving syntheses through mechanochemical methods are generally time-saving, environmentally friendly and more economical. This review is written to shed some light on supramolecular chemistry and the synthesis of various supramolecules through mechanochemistry

Mechanochemical synthesis of small organic molecules

With the growing interest in renewable energy and global warming, it is important to minimize the usage of hazardous chemicals in both academic and industrial research, elimination of waste, and possibly recycle them to obtain better results in greener fashion. The studies under the area of mechanochemistry which cover the grinding chemistry to ball milling, sonication, etc. are certainly of interest to the researchers working on the development of green methodologies. In this review, a collection of examples on recent developments in organic bond formation reactions like carbon–carbon (C–C), carbon–nitrogen (C–N), carbon–oxygen (C–O), carbon–halogen (C–X), etc. is documented. Mechanochemical syntheses of heterocyclic rings, multicomponent reactions and organometallic molecules including their catalytic applications are also highlighted

Cross Redox Coupling of Aryl-Aldehydes and <i>p</i>‑Benzoquinone

Herein, we report an unprecedented <b>C</b>ross <b>R</b>edox <b>C</b>oupling (CRC) reaction catalyzed by Cu­(OAc)₂·H₂O. As a proof-of-concept, direct coupling of aromatic aldehydes (or alcohols) and <i>p</i>-benzoquinone led to an ester in the presence of the Cu­(II)–TBHP combination. During the coupling process, the C–H bond of the aldehydes was converted directly to a C–O bond. Mechanistically, we propose that the reaction proceeded via a radical pathway. In addition, atom and electron economies were well-conserved during this CRC reaction

Oxidative <i>N</i>‑Arylation for Carbazole Synthesis by C–C Bond Activation

Activation of strong C–C σ-bonds is quite challenging. We report here an intramolecular oxidative <i>N</i>-arylation method of biarylsulfonamides via cleavage of C–C bonds toward synthesis of heterocycle carbazoles. The stability of generated carbocations could control the reactivity of a nitrenium ion for the C–N bond formations at the <i>ipso</i>-carbon via a retro-Friedel–Crafts-type reaction using hypervalent iodine­(III) reagent PhI­(OAc)₂

Oxidative <i>N</i>‑Arylation for Carbazole Synthesis by C–C Bond Activation

Activation of strong C–C σ-bonds is quite challenging. We report here an intramolecular oxidative <i>N</i>-arylation method of biarylsulfonamides via cleavage of C–C bonds toward synthesis of heterocycle carbazoles. The stability of generated carbocations could control the reactivity of a nitrenium ion for the C–N bond formations at the <i>ipso</i>-carbon via a retro-Friedel–Crafts-type reaction using hypervalent iodine­(III) reagent PhI­(OAc)₂