FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ANTI-ACNE GEL CONTAINING MURRAYA KOEINIGII EXTRACT

Objective: Acne, one among the very fashionable socially distressing skin conditions created by Propionibacterium acne have generally been treated by antibiotics. Within the light of the growing threat of antibiotic resistance, natural plant products are applied as a safer alternative. Keeping the very fact in the background, during this research work, the formulation of gel from the extracts of Murraya koeinigii leaves are prepared and evaluated as an anti-acne drug. Methods: The fresh leaf extracts were subjected to phytochemical and antimicrobial screening. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) decided. Gel formulation of the extracts was developed and evaluated. The manufactured formulations were subjected to In vitro antibacterial activity against P. acnes, S. epidermidis and S. aureus. The marker compound, clindamycin, in herbal anti-acne preparation, was kept for the comparison with the zones of inhibition for antibacterial activity. Results: Anti-acne property was explored with the help of a standard curve and by comparing diffusion profiles by taking clindamycin as a reference. Conclusion: From the present study it can be concluded that addition of permeation enhancer in the test formulation will improve the diffusion profile and thus it was designed to add permeation enhancer

PHYTOCHEMICALS IN THE TREATMENT OF ARTHRITIS: CURRENT KNOWLEDGE

The objective of the present review is to evaluate the therapeutic potential of phytochemicals against arthritis, which is asymptomatic disorder of chronic joint inflammation followed by swelling and pain. Here, we discussed about the anti-arthritic activity of many phytomolecules such as Norisoboldine, Berberine, Triptolide, Hesperidin Hesperidin, Madecassocide, Hydroxy napthoquinone, Ginsenoside, Cryptotanshinone, Kirenol, Thymoquinone, Chlorogenic acid, Curcumin, Bromelain, Andrographolide and Allicin. These compounds are able to control inflammatory responses, proinflammatory cytokines, osteoclast differentiation and to prevent bone erosion in the joints. In this article, we reviewed anti-arthritic activities of phytichemicals from 2011-2019, using various scientific websites like PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct etc. Till date clinical trials conducted with anti-arthritic phytomolecules are very less. Hence, more clinical trials are needed to bring plant molecules as safe and effective anti-arthritic drugs in the market, either alone or in combination with other anti-arthritic agents

Bayesian robustness with shape-constrained priors and mixture priors

A common concern with Bayesian analysis is uncertainty in specification of the prior distribution. The robust Bayesian solution to this difficulty is to work with a class of prior distributions, reflecting uncertainty in elicitation, instead of a single prior. Interest then focuses on the range of the posterior expectations of certain parametric functions as the prior varies over the class being considered--if this range is small, one has robustness. Some posterior expectations of interest are posterior moments or posterior probability for the parameter to belong to an interval. One of the classes of priors that has been considered is the density-ratio bounded (DRB) class of De-Robertis and Hartigan (1981). We look at DRB classes of unimodal and symmetric priors and obtain results for minimising and maximising certain posterior expectations of a single parameter. Due to the shape constraints on the priors, the degree of the final numerical minimisation to which the problem is reduced, depends on the number of peaks and troughs of a ratio function involving the parametric function and the likelihood. These results do not generalise well to the case of several parameters. Other methods are considered which work for the multiparameter as well as the single parameter case--mixture classes to various sorts. We look at mixtures of uniforms on different sets, for example, rectangles and spheres, and mixtures of spherically symmetric densities. We state theorems for the cases where the mixing distribution lies in a DRB class or in a DB class and also for the class of $\epsilon$-contamination by mixture densities. Such classes are quite flexible, allowing various types of priors. In several dimensions there are a number of definitions of symmetry and unimodality. In Chapter 3, we consider these various definitions in successive sections. The main difficulty lies in transforming available prior information to construct a suitable mixture class of priors. Some possibilities are suggested for modelling prior beliefs by such classes, for instance by modelling (ranges of) tail thickness

ANTI-ULCER AGENTS: A PHARMACOLOGICAL UPDATE OF THE PAST TEN YEARS

New anti-ulcer substances are still vitally necessary for the people of countries such as India and South Africa to avoid high cost of the most prescribed marketed anti-ulcer drugs (proton-pump inhibitors). New candidate against gastric ulcer is also necessary to avoid the potential problem (enterochromaffin-like cell hyperplasia may be induced) associated with the long-term use of synthetic proton-pump inhibitors. However, the search for the novel entity against ulceration is challenging because of the complexity of the ulcer process and its role in host defense to infections. Nature is the source of remedies for the humankind. Among the different biological activities of the natural products that have been published till date, anti-ulcer is one of the most reported effects. Some single natural products such as curcumin, 1-hydroxy-3,7,8-trimethoxyxanthone, cinnamic acid, thymol, epoxycarvone, and menthol; single synthetic products such as, 4,6-diaryl-3, 4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-thiones, 1,4-dihydropyrimidine derivatives, and dihydropyrimidinone and piperidine hybrids; plant products such as Aloe vera, Mangifera indica, Zingiber officinale, Azadirachta indica, Psidium guava, Carica papaya, Panax ginseng, Terminalia chebula, Ocimum sanctum, Daucus carota, and Mimosa pudica, Alpinia galangal; nutraceuticals such as garlic, cauliflower, banana, honey, cucumber, and cod liver oil with anti-ulcer effects have been discussed in this review. A complete review of literature was conducted using different databases on ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. This review is a genuine attempt to explore the past 10 years’ pharmacological update of some anti-ulcer agents

EVALUATION OF IN VITRO HEPATIC TOXICITY OF LEAVES OF PTEROSPERMUM ACERIFOLIUM (L.) WILLD.

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the in vitro hepatic toxicity profile of methanolic extract of leaves of Pterospermum acerifolium (L.) Willd. (MEPA) using a mammalian hepatic cell line (HepG2). Methods: To assess its in vitro hepatic toxicity, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay using MEPA at a concentration of 25 μg, 50 μg, 100 μg, 200 μg, and 300 μg was carried out. Sorafenib tosylate was used as the standard agent to assess cytotoxicity. Results: The inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) value for HepG2 cell lines was determined after 24 h. Thereafter the cytotoxicity study was again performed with the ½ IC50, IC50, and 2IC50 doses of MEPA. Experimentally, the IC50 was found to be 150.42 μg/ml for HepG2 using MEPA. A dose-dependent cytotoxicity and reduction in optical density were also observed with incremental MEPA administration. Conclusion: The cytotoxic potential of MEPA was found to be much less than that of sorafenib tosylate. Thus, MEPA shows in vitro cytotoxicity in mammalian hepatic cells (HepG2) at a concentration as low as 100 μg

Fortification of orange juice with microencapsulated Kocuria flava Y4 towards a novel functional beverage: Biological and quality aspects

To commercialize functional foods, probiotics must exhibit high resistance and acceptable stability under various unfavorable conditions to maintain the quality of fruit juices. This study will provide an insight into fortification of orange juice with a plant probiotic Kocuria flava Y4 by microencapsulation. Therefore, this study investigated the colony release, physicochemical and phytochemical parameters, and antioxidant activity of the orange juice exposed to microencapsulated probiotics and the one without probiotics (control). Evaluation of orange juice on the growth of probiotic bacteria showed that the fortification with alginate and psyllium micro-particles showed highest encapsulation efficiency (99.01%) and acceptable viability of probiotic cells (8.12 ± 0.077 CFU/mL) during five weeks storage at 4 °C. The morphology and functional properties of beads was studied by SEM, Zeta-potential and FTIR analysis. The sucrose and organic acids concentrations decreased significantly during fortification period (0–72 h) except ascorbic acid. Furthermore, glucose, pH, acidity, TSS were maintained. The results affirm the suitability and feasibility of developing a plant probiotic beverage using orange juice by encapsulation method

Layered double hydroxide: Inorganic organic conjugate nanocarrier for methotrexate

Layered double hydroxide (LDH)-methotrexate (MTX) nanohybrids were successfully synthesized using ex situ and in situ processes. X-ray diffraction patterns of the synthesized nanopowders revealed that intercalated MTX molecules were stabilized in tilted longitudinal conformation into the hydroxide interlayer space. Two separate hydroxyl peaks were found in the FTIR spectra of LDH-MTX nanopowders suggesting successful intercalation of the MIX molecule into LDH matrix. The synthesized powders were further characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern. HRTEM images showed an increase in interlayer spacing in hydrothermally crystallized LDH-MTX nanohybrids as compared to pristine LDH. The study showed that depending on the synthesis route used to synthesize LDH-MTX nanohybrid, its particle size as well as morphology can be varied at nano scale. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved