8 research outputs found
Finding a suitable catalyst for on-board ethanol reforming using exhaust heat from an internal combustion engine
Get PDFEthanol steam reforming with pure ethanol and commercial bioethanol (S/C = 3) was carried out inside the housing of the exhaust gas pipe of a gasoline internal combustion engine (ICE) by using exhaust heat (610–620 °C). Various catalytic honeycombs loaded with potassium-promoted cobalt hydrotalcite and with ceria-based rhodium–palladium catalysts were tested under different reactant loads. The hydrogen yield obtained over the cobalt-based catalytic honeycomb at low load (F/W 200 h) at high load (F/W = 150 mLliq·gcat-1·h-1, GHSV = 2.4·103 h-1) showed that promotion of the ceria-supported noble metal catalyst with alumina and zirconia is a key element for practical application using commercial bioethanol. HRTEM analysis of post mortem honeycombs loaded with RhPd/Ce0.5Zr0.5O2–Al2O3 showed no carbon formation and no metal agglomeration.Postprint (author's final draft
Salinity effect on the corona onset for a 765 kV AC substation connector
No full textOutdoor substations placed in coastal areas are affected by saline environments. In the technical literature it is found extensive information regarding insulations problems in presence of saline environments [1]. The accumulation of salts and other contaminants promotes the onset of partial discharges on the devices subjected to very high voltages. Insulators are also affected by this phenomenon. While rainfall has a cleaning effect on the insulator surface, humidity enhances the corrosion effect and degrades the performance of insulation [2], favouring onset conditions for partial discharge. Corrosion due to saline environments or dirt increases the roughness of the insulator surface, thus facilitating the appearance of partial discharges [3]. It is well known that the air pollution has a great impact on metals corrosion. Chloride ions are common in coastal environments, because seawater acts as a source of air mineralization. Deposition of chloride ions on metal surfaces intensifies metallic corrosion, thus degrading the conductor surface [4]. In this work the behaviour of a 765 kVRMS AC (line-to-line voltage) outdoor substation connector is analyzed when operating under both dry conditions and under wet saline environments by means of three-dimensional finite elements simulations (3D-FEM). FEM simulations show that the electric field strength in the connector surroundings does not exceed the electric breakdown strength for air under clean and dry atmospheric conditions when energized at its rated voltage, 765 kVRMS AC (line-to-line). These results are corroborated by means of experimental measurements carried out in a high-voltage laboratory. Both, the laboratory tests and the 3D-FEM simulations performed in this study concluded that the corona onset voltage is approximately 980 kVRMS AC (line-to-line voltage). Additionally, 3D-FEM simulations allow detecting the connector weakest points regarding to electrical stress. Hence, this software allows redesigning the connector geometry to optimize its performance, thus minimizing the corona occurrence risk and their associated unwanted effects. Additionally, FEM simulations performed under a saline atmosphere were carried out by including a thin conductive saline moisture layer acting as a wetting film on the connector surface. Results revealed that saline environments worsen the connector behaviour, thus favouring corona onset conditions and their related effects.Outdoor substations placed in coastal areas are affected by saline environments. In the technical literature it is found extensive information regarding insulations problems in presence of saline environments [1]. The accumulation of salts and other contaminants promotes the onset of partial discharges on the devices subjected to very high voltages. Insulators are also affected by this phenomenon. While rainfall has a cleaning effect on the insulator surface, humidity enhances the corrosion effect and degrades the performance of insulation [2], favouring onset conditions for partial discharge. Corrosion due to saline environments or dirt increases the roughness of the insulator surface, thus facilitating the appearance of partial discharges [3]. It is well known that the air pollution has a great impact on metals corrosion. Chloride ions are common in coastal environments, because seawater acts as a source of air mineralization. Deposition of chloride ions on metal surfaces intensifies metallic corrosion, thus degrading the conductor surface [4]. In this work the behaviour of a 765 kVRMS AC (line-to-line voltage) outdoor substation connector is analyzed when operating under both dry conditions and under wet saline environments by means of three-dimensional finite elements simulations (3D-FEM). FEM simulations show that the electric field strength in the connector surroundings does not exceed the electric breakdown strength for air under clean and dry atmospheric conditions when energized at its rated voltage, 765 kVRMS AC (line-to-line). These results are corroborated by means of experimental measurements carried out in a high-voltage laboratory. Both, the laboratory tests and the 3D-FEM simulations performed in this study concluded that the corona onset voltage is approximately 980 kVRMS AC (line-to-line voltage). Additionally, 3D-FEM simulations allow detecting the connector weakest points regarding to electrical stress. Hence, this software allows redesigning the connector geometry to optimize its performance, thus minimizing the corona occurrence risk and their associated unwanted effects. Additionally, FEM simulations performed under a saline atmosphere were carried out by including a thin conductive saline moisture layer acting as a wetting film on the connector surface. Results revealed that saline environments worsen the connector behaviour, thus favouring corona onset conditions and their related effects
Salinity effect on the corona onset for a 765 kV AC substation connector
No full textOutdoor substations placed in coastal areas are affected by saline environments. In the technical literature it is found extensive information regarding insulations problems in presence of saline environments [1]. The accumulation of salts and other contaminants promotes the onset of partial discharges on the devices subjected to very high voltages. Insulators are also affected by this phenomenon. While rainfall has a cleaning effect on the insulator surface, humidity enhances the corrosion effect and degrades the performance of insulation [2], favouring onset conditions for partial discharge. Corrosion due to saline environments or dirt increases the roughness of the insulator surface, thus facilitating the appearance of partial discharges [3]. It is well known that the air pollution has a great impact on metals corrosion. Chloride ions are common in coastal environments, because seawater acts as a source of air mineralization. Deposition of chloride ions on metal surfaces intensifies metallic corrosion, thus degrading the conductor surface [4]. In this work the behaviour of a 765 kVRMS AC (line-to-line voltage) outdoor substation connector is analyzed when operating under both dry conditions and under wet saline environments by means of three-dimensional finite elements simulations (3D-FEM). FEM simulations show that the electric field strength in the connector surroundings does not exceed the electric breakdown strength for air under clean and dry atmospheric conditions when energized at its rated voltage, 765 kVRMS AC (line-to-line). These results are corroborated by means of experimental measurements carried out in a high-voltage laboratory. Both, the laboratory tests and the 3D-FEM simulations performed in this study concluded that the corona onset voltage is approximately 980 kVRMS AC (line-to-line voltage). Additionally, 3D-FEM simulations allow detecting the connector weakest points regarding to electrical stress. Hence, this software allows redesigning the connector geometry to optimize its performance, thus minimizing the corona occurrence risk and their associated unwanted effects. Additionally, FEM simulations performed under a saline atmosphere were carried out by including a thin conductive saline moisture layer acting as a wetting film on the connector surface. Results revealed that saline environments worsen the connector behaviour, thus favouring corona onset conditions and their related effects.Outdoor substations placed in coastal areas are affected by saline environments. In the technical literature it is found extensive information regarding insulations problems in presence of saline environments [1]. The accumulation of salts and other contaminants promotes the onset of partial discharges on the devices subjected to very high voltages. Insulators are also affected by this phenomenon. While rainfall has a cleaning effect on the insulator surface, humidity enhances the corrosion effect and degrades the performance of insulation [2], favouring onset conditions for partial discharge. Corrosion due to saline environments or dirt increases the roughness of the insulator surface, thus facilitating the appearance of partial discharges [3]. It is well known that the air pollution has a great impact on metals corrosion. Chloride ions are common in coastal environments, because seawater acts as a source of air mineralization. Deposition of chloride ions on metal surfaces intensifies metallic corrosion, thus degrading the conductor surface [4]. In this work the behaviour of a 765 kVRMS AC (line-to-line voltage) outdoor substation connector is analyzed when operating under both dry conditions and under wet saline environments by means of three-dimensional finite elements simulations (3D-FEM). FEM simulations show that the electric field strength in the connector surroundings does not exceed the electric breakdown strength for air under clean and dry atmospheric conditions when energized at its rated voltage, 765 kVRMS AC (line-to-line). These results are corroborated by means of experimental measurements carried out in a high-voltage laboratory. Both, the laboratory tests and the 3D-FEM simulations performed in this study concluded that the corona onset voltage is approximately 980 kVRMS AC (line-to-line voltage). Additionally, 3D-FEM simulations allow detecting the connector weakest points regarding to electrical stress. Hence, this software allows redesigning the connector geometry to optimize its performance, thus minimizing the corona occurrence risk and their associated unwanted effects. Additionally, FEM simulations performed under a saline atmosphere were carried out by including a thin conductive saline moisture layer acting as a wetting film on the connector surface. Results revealed that saline environments worsen the connector behaviour, thus favouring corona onset conditions and their related effects.Postprint (published version
Salinity effect on the corona onset for a 765 kV AC substation connector
No full textOutdoor substations placed in coastal areas are affected by saline environments. In the technical literature it is found extensive information regarding insulations problems in presence of saline environments [1]. The accumulation of salts and other contaminants promotes the onset of partial discharges on the devices subjected to very high voltages. Insulators are also affected by this phenomenon. While rainfall has a cleaning effect on the insulator surface, humidity enhances the corrosion effect and degrades the performance of insulation [2], favouring onset conditions for partial discharge. Corrosion due to saline environments or dirt increases the roughness of the insulator surface, thus facilitating the appearance of partial discharges [3]. It is well known that the air pollution has a great impact on metals corrosion. Chloride ions are common in coastal environments, because seawater acts as a source of air mineralization. Deposition of chloride ions on metal surfaces intensifies metallic corrosion, thus degrading the conductor surface [4]. In this work the behaviour of a 765 kVRMS AC (line-to-line voltage) outdoor substation connector is analyzed when operating under both dry conditions and under wet saline environments by means of three-dimensional finite elements simulations (3D-FEM). FEM simulations show that the electric field strength in the connector surroundings does not exceed the electric breakdown strength for air under clean and dry atmospheric conditions when energized at its rated voltage, 765 kVRMS AC (line-to-line). These results are corroborated by means of experimental measurements carried out in a high-voltage laboratory. Both, the laboratory tests and the 3D-FEM simulations performed in this study concluded that the corona onset voltage is approximately 980 kVRMS AC (line-to-line voltage). Additionally, 3D-FEM simulations allow detecting the connector weakest points regarding to electrical stress. Hence, this software allows redesigning the connector geometry to optimize its performance, thus minimizing the corona occurrence risk and their associated unwanted effects. Additionally, FEM simulations performed under a saline atmosphere were carried out by including a thin conductive saline moisture layer acting as a wetting film on the connector surface. Results revealed that saline environments worsen the connector behaviour, thus favouring corona onset conditions and their related effects.Outdoor substations placed in coastal areas are affected by saline environments. In the technical literature it is found extensive information regarding insulations problems in presence of saline environments [1]. The accumulation of salts and other contaminants promotes the onset of partial discharges on the devices subjected to very high voltages. Insulators are also affected by this phenomenon. While rainfall has a cleaning effect on the insulator surface, humidity enhances the corrosion effect and degrades the performance of insulation [2], favouring onset conditions for partial discharge. Corrosion due to saline environments or dirt increases the roughness of the insulator surface, thus facilitating the appearance of partial discharges [3]. It is well known that the air pollution has a great impact on metals corrosion. Chloride ions are common in coastal environments, because seawater acts as a source of air mineralization. Deposition of chloride ions on metal surfaces intensifies metallic corrosion, thus degrading the conductor surface [4]. In this work the behaviour of a 765 kVRMS AC (line-to-line voltage) outdoor substation connector is analyzed when operating under both dry conditions and under wet saline environments by means of three-dimensional finite elements simulations (3D-FEM). FEM simulations show that the electric field strength in the connector surroundings does not exceed the electric breakdown strength for air under clean and dry atmospheric conditions when energized at its rated voltage, 765 kVRMS AC (line-to-line). These results are corroborated by means of experimental measurements carried out in a high-voltage laboratory. Both, the laboratory tests and the 3D-FEM simulations performed in this study concluded that the corona onset voltage is approximately 980 kVRMS AC (line-to-line voltage). Additionally, 3D-FEM simulations allow detecting the connector weakest points regarding to electrical stress. Hence, this software allows redesigning the connector geometry to optimize its performance, thus minimizing the corona occurrence risk and their associated unwanted effects. Additionally, FEM simulations performed under a saline atmosphere were carried out by including a thin conductive saline moisture layer acting as a wetting film on the connector surface. Results revealed that saline environments worsen the connector behaviour, thus favouring corona onset conditions and their related effects
Finding a suitable catalyst for on-board ethanol reforming using exhaust heat from an internal combustion engine
No full textEthanol steam reforming with pure ethanol and commercial bioethanol (S/C = 3) was carried out inside the housing of the exhaust gas pipe of a gasoline internal combustion engine (ICE) by using exhaust heat (610–620 °C). Various catalytic honeycombs loaded with potassium-promoted cobalt hydrotalcite and with ceria-based rhodium–palladium catalysts were tested under different reactant loads. The hydrogen yield obtained over the cobalt-based catalytic honeycomb at low load (F/W 200 h) at high load (F/W = 150 mLliq·gcat-1·h-1, GHSV = 2.4·103 h-1) showed that promotion of the ceria-supported noble metal catalyst with alumina and zirconia is a key element for practical application using commercial bioethanol. HRTEM analysis of post mortem honeycombs loaded with RhPd/Ce0.5Zr0.5O2–Al2O3 showed no carbon formation and no metal agglomeration
