Bioactivity and metabolite profile of papaya (Carica papaya) seed extract

Alfarabi M, Siagian FE, Cing JM, Suryowati T, Turhadi, Suyono MS, Febriyamti MS, Naibaho FB. 2022. Bioactivity and metabolite profile of papaya (Carica papaya) seed extract. Biodiversitas 23: 4589-4600. Papaya (Carica papaya) seeds are part of the papaya plant which is a source of organic waste. However, there are many scientific studies that state the metabolites found in papaya seeds have various benefits in medical aspects. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to examine the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of California and Bangkok type papaya seeds which are two local papaya types and widely consumed by the people of Indonesia. These papaya seeds' metabolite profiling was also conducted in this study therefore the antioxidant activity and cytotoxic mechanisms can be estimated. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method is used to investigate the antioxidant activity while 3- (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) is used to investigate the cytotoxic effect of extract. Metabolites contained in papaya seeds were measured by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-QTOF (LC-MS/MS-QTOF). The results showed that California and Bangkok papaya seed extracts had antioxidant activity with IC50 being 24.4 ppm and 22.2 ppm, respectively. Both extracts were also able to inhibit the growth of cancer cells (MCF-7) and did not render any toxic effects on non-cancer cells at low concentrations. The metabolites contained in the two extracts were alkaloid, phenol hydrocarbon, flavonoid, fatty acid, and terpenoid groups. This study showed that papaya seeds have the potential to be further developed in medical field, especially as natural antioxidants and natural cancer-preventing ingredients. Keywords: Antioxidant, cancer, Carica papaya, free radical, phytochemica

The Effect of Elevated Ozone Concentrations with Varying Shading on Dry Matter Loss in a Winter Wheat-Producing Region in China.

Surface-level ozone pollution causes crop production loss by directly reducing healthy green leaf area available for carbon fixation. Ozone and its precursors also affect crop photosynthesis indirectly by decreasing solar irradiance. Pollutants are reported to have become even more severe in Eastern China over the last ten years. In this study, we investigated the effect of a combination of elevated ozone concentrations and reduced solar irradiance on a popular winter wheat Yangmai13 (Triticum aestivum L.) at field and regional levels in China. Winter wheat was grown in artificial shading and open-top-chamber environments. Treatment 1 (T1, i.e., 60% shading with an enhanced ozone of 100±9 ppb), Treatment 2 (T2, i.e., 20% shading with an enhanced ozone of 100±9 ppb), and Control Check Treatment (CK, i.e., no shading with an enhanced ozone of 100±9 ppb), with two plots under each, were established to investigate the response of winter wheat under elevated ozone concentrations and varying solar irradiance. At the field level, linear temporal relationships between dry matter loss and cumulative stomatal ozone uptake were first established through a parameterized stomatal-flux model. At the regional level, ozone concentrations and meteorological variables, including solar irradiance, were simulated using the WRF-CMAQ model (i.e., a meteorology and air quality modeling system). These variables were then used to estimate cumulative stomatal ozone uptake for the four major winter wheat-growing provinces. The regional-level cumulative ozone uptake was then used as the independent variable in field data-based regression models to predict dry matter loss over space and time. Field-level results showed that over 85% (T1: R(2) = 0.85 & T2: R(2) = 0.89) of variation in dry matter loss was explained by cumulative ozone uptake. Dry matter was reduced by 3.8% in T1 and 2.2% in T2 for each mmol O3·m(-2) of cumulative ozone uptake. At the regional level, dry matter loss in winter wheat would reach 50% under elevated ozone concentrations and reduced solar irradiance as determined in T1, and 30% under conditions as determined in T2. Results from this study suggest that a combination of elevated ozone concentrations and reduced solar irradiance could result in substantial dry matter loss in the Chinese wheat-growing regions

The diurnal variation of mean (x SD) PAR in each treatment (n = 68).

<p>The diurnal variation of mean (x SD) PAR in each treatment (n = 68).</p

The temporal and spatial variations of simulated cumulative ozone uptake under elevated ozone concentrations and reduced solar radiation conditions in the major areas for production of winter wheat (from March to May of 2006).

<p>This visualization is created by the NCAR Command Language (Version 6.3.0) [Software], 2015 under a CC BY license [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0145446#pone.0145446.ref063" target="_blank">63</a>], with permission from University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, original copyright 2015.</p

The overview of the methodology used in this study.

<p>The overview of the methodology used in this study.</p

Simulated ozone concentrations plotted against observed ozone concentrations in Nanjing station from March to May of 2006.

<p>Simulated ozone concentrations plotted against observed ozone concentrations in Nanjing station from March to May of 2006.</p

The daily variation of mean <i>f</i>_<i>phen</i> and <i>f</i>_<i>O3</i> in each treatment.

<p>The daily variation of mean <i>f</i>_<i>phen</i> and <i>f</i>_<i>O3</i> in each treatment.</p

The hourly variation of mean <i>f</i>_<i>PAR</i>, <i>f</i>_<i>T</i>, and <i>f</i>_<i>VPD</i> in each treatment.

<p>The hourly variation of mean <i>f</i>_<i>PAR</i>, <i>f</i>_<i>T</i>, and <i>f</i>_<i>VPD</i> in each treatment.</p

The experimental design of artificial shading and an open-top chamber.

<p>The experimental design of artificial shading and an open-top chamber.</p

The two modelling domains for CMAQ simulations: the nested domain with a resolution of 9 × 9 km and the mother domain with a resolution of 27 × 27 km.

<p>This visualization was created by the NCAR Command Language (Version 6.3.0) [Software], 2015 under a CC BY license [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0145446#pone.0145446.ref063" target="_blank">63</a>], with permission from University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, original copyright 2015.</p