Pressing out the Wrinkles in Maryland\u27s Shield Law for Journalists

Little has been written about Maryland\u27s shield law¹ for journalists in the eighty-three years that it has existed. In this Article, the authors provide a history and analysis of the law, along with recommendations for its improvement

Pressing out the Wrinkles in Maryland\u27s Shield Law for Journalists

Little has been written about Maryland\u27s shield law¹ for journalists in the eighty-three years that it has existed. In this Article, the authors provide a history and analysis of the law, along with recommendations for its improvement

Physicians' Perceptions on the usefulness of contextual information for prioritizing and presenting alerts in computerized physician order entry systems

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>One possible approach towards avoiding alert overload and alert fatigue in Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE) systems is to tailor their drug safety alerts to the context of the clinical situation. Our objective was to identify the perceptions of physicians on the usefulness of clinical context information for prioritizing and presenting drug safety alerts.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We performed a questionnaire survey, inquiring CPOE-using physicians from four hospitals in four European countries to estimate the usefulness of 20 possible context factors.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The 223 participants identified the <it>‘</it>s<it>everity of the effect’</it> and the <it>‘clinical status of the patient’</it> as the most useful context factors. Further important factors are the <it>‘complexity of the case’</it> and the <it>‘risk factors of the patient’</it>.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our findings confirm the results of a prior, comparable survey inquiring CPOE researchers. Further research should focus on implementing these context factors in CPOE systems and on subsequently evaluating their impact.</p

Gammaherpesviral Gene Expression and Virion Composition Are Broadly Controlled by Accelerated mRNA Degradation

Lytic gammaherpesvirus infection restricts host gene expression by promoting widespread degradation of cytoplasmic mRNA through the activity of the viral endonuclease SOX. Though generally assumed to be selective for cellular transcripts, the extent to which SOX impacts viral mRNA stability has remained unknown. We addressed this issue using the model murine gammaherpesvirus MHV68 and, unexpectedly, found that all stages of viral gene expression are controlled through mRNA degradation. Using both comprehensive RNA expression profiling and half-life studies we reveal that the levels of the majority of viral mRNAs but not noncoding RNAs are tempered by MHV68 SOX (muSOX) activity. The targeting of viral mRNA by muSOX is functionally significant, as it impacts intracellular viral protein abundance and progeny virion composition. In the absence of muSOX-imposed gene expression control the viral particles display increased cell surface binding and entry as well as enhanced immediate early gene expression. These phenotypes culminate in a viral replication defect in multiple cell types as well as in vivo, highlighting the importance of maintaining the appropriate balance of viral RNA during gammaherpesviral infection. This is the first example of a virus that fails to broadly discriminate between cellular and viral transcripts during host shutoff and instead uses the targeting of viral messages to fine-tune overall gene expression