TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION MAPPING OF THE MOTOR CORTEX

CILJ ISTRAŽIVANJA: Cilj ovog istraživanja je primijeniti TMS-u u mapiranju primarne motoričke kore za reprezentaciju mišića ruke i premotoričkog područja kore mozga dominantne hemisfere mozga tijekom motoričkog akta pisanja kod zdravih dobrovoljaca. MATERIJAL I METODE: Istraživanje je provedeno na 10 zdravih ispitanika. Primarno motoričko područje m. abductoris pollicis brevis i premotoričko područje (posteriorni dio gornjeg frontalnog girusa, posteriorni dio srednjeg frontalnog girusa) se mapiralo modificiranom serijom repetitivnih paketa stimulusa (repetitivna TMS) tijekom motoričkog akta pisanja. Elektromiografski odgovori su registrirani iz mišića šake dominantne ruke. REZULTATI: Stimuliranje primarnog motoričkog područja m. abductoris pollicis brevis repetitivnom TMS-om tijekom pisanja je u svih ispitanika izazvalo mišićne motoričke evocirane potencijale, dok su odgovori duge latencije izazvani u 20% njih te period tišine u 30% ispitanika. Stimuliranje premotoričkog područja repetivnom TMS-om je kod svih ispitanika izazvalo odgovore duge latencije, s ili bez prethodnih mišićnih motoričkih evociranih potencijala, uz različite smetnje pisanja. Prosječno trajanje latencije izazvanog odgovora duge latencije je bilo 70.72 ms. ZAKLJUČCI: Repetitivnom TMS-om se može mapirati motorički segment funkcije pisanja interferirajući s neuronskom kontrolom gornjih ekstremiteta tijekom pisanja. Stimuliranje lijevog premotoričkog područja (posteriorni dio gornjeg frontalnog girusa, posteriorni dio srednjeg frontalnog girusa) repetitivnom TMS-om tijekom motoričkog akta pisanja je izazvalo odgovore duge latencije u mišićima dominantne šake kod svih ispitanika uz različite smetnje pisanja. Rezultati ovog istraživanja bi mogli doprinijeti daljnjem neurofiziološkom istraživanju funkcije pisanja te razvoju TMS metodologije u preoperacijskom mapiranju motoričkih područja kore mozga za funkciju pisanja u bolesnika s tumorom mozga. Potrebna su daljna istraživanja kako bi se rasvjetili neurofiziološki mehanizmi izazivanja odgovora duge latencije u mišićima šake tijekom repetitivne TMS-e premotoričke kore mozga.OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to map the primary motor cortex for hand muscle representation and premotor cortical areas of the brain’s dominant hemisphere with TMS in healthy volunteers during motor act of writing. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 10 healthy subjects. The mapping of the primary motor cortex for hand muscle (m. abductor pollicis brevis) and premotor cortical areas (posterior part of superior frontal gyrus, posterior part of middle frontal gyrus) was performed by applying a patterned bursts of repetitive TMS (repetitive TMS) during motor act of writing. The evoked responses were recorded by electromygraphic recording. RESULTS: The repetitive TMS of the primary motor cortex for hand muscle (m. abductor pollicis brevis) during the writing elicited in all subjects muscle motor evoked potentials, with the long latency responses elicited in 20% of subjects and the silent period in 30% of subjects. The repetitive TMS of the premotor cortex elicited long latency responses in hand muscles in all subjects, with or without muscle motor evoked potentials preceding the long latency responses, with different writing interferences. The mean latency of elicited long latency response was 70.72 ms. CONCLUSIONS: Repetitive TMS can be used to map the motor writing function while interfering with the neural control of the upper extremity during the writing performance. Repetitive TMS of the left premotor cortex (posterior part of superior frontal gyrus, posterior part of middle frontal gyrus) during motor act of writing elicited long latency responses in dominant hand muscles in all subjects with different writing interferences. The results of this study might contribute to a further neurophysiological research of writing function and to the development of TMS methodology in preoperative mapping of the motor areas involved in writing function in patients with brain tumour. Further research is needed to uncover the neurophysiologic mechanisms of long latency responses in hand muscles elicited during repetitive TMS of the premotor cortical area

TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION MAPPING OF THE MOTOR CORTEX

CILJ ISTRAŽIVANJA: Cilj ovog istraživanja je primijeniti TMS-u u mapiranju primarne motoričke kore za reprezentaciju mišića ruke i premotoričkog područja kore mozga dominantne hemisfere mozga tijekom motoričkog akta pisanja kod zdravih dobrovoljaca. MATERIJAL I METODE: Istraživanje je provedeno na 10 zdravih ispitanika. Primarno motoričko područje m. abductoris pollicis brevis i premotoričko područje (posteriorni dio gornjeg frontalnog girusa, posteriorni dio srednjeg frontalnog girusa) se mapiralo modificiranom serijom repetitivnih paketa stimulusa (repetitivna TMS) tijekom motoričkog akta pisanja. Elektromiografski odgovori su registrirani iz mišića šake dominantne ruke. REZULTATI: Stimuliranje primarnog motoričkog područja m. abductoris pollicis brevis repetitivnom TMS-om tijekom pisanja je u svih ispitanika izazvalo mišićne motoričke evocirane potencijale, dok su odgovori duge latencije izazvani u 20% njih te period tišine u 30% ispitanika. Stimuliranje premotoričkog područja repetivnom TMS-om je kod svih ispitanika izazvalo odgovore duge latencije, s ili bez prethodnih mišićnih motoričkih evociranih potencijala, uz različite smetnje pisanja. Prosječno trajanje latencije izazvanog odgovora duge latencije je bilo 70.72 ms. ZAKLJUČCI: Repetitivnom TMS-om se može mapirati motorički segment funkcije pisanja interferirajući s neuronskom kontrolom gornjih ekstremiteta tijekom pisanja. Stimuliranje lijevog premotoričkog područja (posteriorni dio gornjeg frontalnog girusa, posteriorni dio srednjeg frontalnog girusa) repetitivnom TMS-om tijekom motoričkog akta pisanja je izazvalo odgovore duge latencije u mišićima dominantne šake kod svih ispitanika uz različite smetnje pisanja. Rezultati ovog istraživanja bi mogli doprinijeti daljnjem neurofiziološkom istraživanju funkcije pisanja te razvoju TMS metodologije u preoperacijskom mapiranju motoričkih područja kore mozga za funkciju pisanja u bolesnika s tumorom mozga. Potrebna su daljna istraživanja kako bi se rasvjetili neurofiziološki mehanizmi izazivanja odgovora duge latencije u mišićima šake tijekom repetitivne TMS-e premotoričke kore mozga.OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to map the primary motor cortex for hand muscle representation and premotor cortical areas of the brain’s dominant hemisphere with TMS in healthy volunteers during motor act of writing. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 10 healthy subjects. The mapping of the primary motor cortex for hand muscle (m. abductor pollicis brevis) and premotor cortical areas (posterior part of superior frontal gyrus, posterior part of middle frontal gyrus) was performed by applying a patterned bursts of repetitive TMS (repetitive TMS) during motor act of writing. The evoked responses were recorded by electromygraphic recording. RESULTS: The repetitive TMS of the primary motor cortex for hand muscle (m. abductor pollicis brevis) during the writing elicited in all subjects muscle motor evoked potentials, with the long latency responses elicited in 20% of subjects and the silent period in 30% of subjects. The repetitive TMS of the premotor cortex elicited long latency responses in hand muscles in all subjects, with or without muscle motor evoked potentials preceding the long latency responses, with different writing interferences. The mean latency of elicited long latency response was 70.72 ms. CONCLUSIONS: Repetitive TMS can be used to map the motor writing function while interfering with the neural control of the upper extremity during the writing performance. Repetitive TMS of the left premotor cortex (posterior part of superior frontal gyrus, posterior part of middle frontal gyrus) during motor act of writing elicited long latency responses in dominant hand muscles in all subjects with different writing interferences. The results of this study might contribute to a further neurophysiological research of writing function and to the development of TMS methodology in preoperative mapping of the motor areas involved in writing function in patients with brain tumour. Further research is needed to uncover the neurophysiologic mechanisms of long latency responses in hand muscles elicited during repetitive TMS of the premotor cortical area

PERSONALITY DISORDERS AND INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS

Narušeni interpersonalni odnosi fundamentalna su karakteristika poremećaja ličnosti. Koliko isto može dovesti do subjektivne nelagode i problema u socijalnom funkcioniranju mogli smo vidjeti kroz pacijentov tekst Psychosis neurosis. U ovom radu je stoga predstavljen osvrt na njegove odnose s drugima kao i teorijski prikaz interpersonalnih odnosa kod određenih poremećaja ličnosti, odnosno onih čiji su se potencijalni elementi mogli prepoznati u njegovom tekstu.Disrupted interpersonal relationships are a fundamental feature of personality disorders. We could see from the patient’s text Psychosis Neurosis to what extent it can lead to subjective discomfort and problems in social functioning. This paper will therefore provide an overview of the patient’s relationships and a theoretical presentation of interpersonal relationships in certain personality disorders, i.e., those whose potential elements could be identified in his text

TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION MAPPING OF THE MOTOR CORTEX

CILJ ISTRAŽIVANJA: Cilj ovog istraživanja je primijeniti TMS-u u mapiranju primarne motoričke kore za reprezentaciju mišića ruke i premotoričkog područja kore mozga dominantne hemisfere mozga tijekom motoričkog akta pisanja kod zdravih dobrovoljaca. MATERIJAL I METODE: Istraživanje je provedeno na 10 zdravih ispitanika. Primarno motoričko područje m. abductoris pollicis brevis i premotoričko područje (posteriorni dio gornjeg frontalnog girusa, posteriorni dio srednjeg frontalnog girusa) se mapiralo modificiranom serijom repetitivnih paketa stimulusa (repetitivna TMS) tijekom motoričkog akta pisanja. Elektromiografski odgovori su registrirani iz mišića šake dominantne ruke. REZULTATI: Stimuliranje primarnog motoričkog područja m. abductoris pollicis brevis repetitivnom TMS-om tijekom pisanja je u svih ispitanika izazvalo mišićne motoričke evocirane potencijale, dok su odgovori duge latencije izazvani u 20% njih te period tišine u 30% ispitanika. Stimuliranje premotoričkog područja repetivnom TMS-om je kod svih ispitanika izazvalo odgovore duge latencije, s ili bez prethodnih mišićnih motoričkih evociranih potencijala, uz različite smetnje pisanja. Prosječno trajanje latencije izazvanog odgovora duge latencije je bilo 70.72 ms. ZAKLJUČCI: Repetitivnom TMS-om se može mapirati motorički segment funkcije pisanja interferirajući s neuronskom kontrolom gornjih ekstremiteta tijekom pisanja. Stimuliranje lijevog premotoričkog područja (posteriorni dio gornjeg frontalnog girusa, posteriorni dio srednjeg frontalnog girusa) repetitivnom TMS-om tijekom motoričkog akta pisanja je izazvalo odgovore duge latencije u mišićima dominantne šake kod svih ispitanika uz različite smetnje pisanja. Rezultati ovog istraživanja bi mogli doprinijeti daljnjem neurofiziološkom istraživanju funkcije pisanja te razvoju TMS metodologije u preoperacijskom mapiranju motoričkih područja kore mozga za funkciju pisanja u bolesnika s tumorom mozga. Potrebna su daljna istraživanja kako bi se rasvjetili neurofiziološki mehanizmi izazivanja odgovora duge latencije u mišićima šake tijekom repetitivne TMS-e premotoričke kore mozga.OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to map the primary motor cortex for hand muscle representation and premotor cortical areas of the brain’s dominant hemisphere with TMS in healthy volunteers during motor act of writing. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 10 healthy subjects. The mapping of the primary motor cortex for hand muscle (m. abductor pollicis brevis) and premotor cortical areas (posterior part of superior frontal gyrus, posterior part of middle frontal gyrus) was performed by applying a patterned bursts of repetitive TMS (repetitive TMS) during motor act of writing. The evoked responses were recorded by electromygraphic recording. RESULTS: The repetitive TMS of the primary motor cortex for hand muscle (m. abductor pollicis brevis) during the writing elicited in all subjects muscle motor evoked potentials, with the long latency responses elicited in 20% of subjects and the silent period in 30% of subjects. The repetitive TMS of the premotor cortex elicited long latency responses in hand muscles in all subjects, with or without muscle motor evoked potentials preceding the long latency responses, with different writing interferences. The mean latency of elicited long latency response was 70.72 ms. CONCLUSIONS: Repetitive TMS can be used to map the motor writing function while interfering with the neural control of the upper extremity during the writing performance. Repetitive TMS of the left premotor cortex (posterior part of superior frontal gyrus, posterior part of middle frontal gyrus) during motor act of writing elicited long latency responses in dominant hand muscles in all subjects with different writing interferences. The results of this study might contribute to a further neurophysiological research of writing function and to the development of TMS methodology in preoperative mapping of the motor areas involved in writing function in patients with brain tumour. Further research is needed to uncover the neurophysiologic mechanisms of long latency responses in hand muscles elicited during repetitive TMS of the premotor cortical area