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Taha Toros Arşivi, Dosya No: 112-Lokantalarİstanbul Kalkınma Ajansı (TR10/14/YEN/0033) İstanbul Development Agency (TR10/14/YEN/0033

Integration of all FSSIM components within SEAMLESS-IF and a stand alone graphical user interface for FSSIM

SEAMLESS (System for Environmental and Agricultural Modelling; Linking European Science and Society) integrated project, EU 6th Framework Programme, contract no. 010036-2International audiencePolicy makers and farmers have an interest in making ex-ante assessments of the outcomes of their choices in terms of policy and farm plan. This interest mainly concerns the assessment of socio-economic and environmental performance of farms as a result of innovations and policies. Mathematical models based on systems analysis are suited to explore and assess uncertain future states of systems. A Bio-Economic Farm Model (BEFM) is defined as a model that links formulations describing farmers’ resource management decisions to formulations that describe current and alternative production possibilities in terms of required inputs to achieve certain outputs and associated externalities. Currently many descriptions and applications of BEFMs are being published. A BEFM that is easy to transfer between locations or farm types is called generic, which we define as ‘being able to deal with different scales, locations, functionalities, and levels of detail. Although some model studies claim that their model is easily transferable to other regions and farm types, there is little evidence from literature supporting these claims. A generic bio-economic farm model should be able to adequately represent arable, livestock and perennial activities, current agricultural activities and future alternative activities, different objective functions, different resource and policy constraints, future policies and technological innovations as scenarios and should include good calibration procedures. In SEAMLESS the Farming Systems SIMulator (FSSIM) has been developed as a generic and transferable model that can easily be extended with new features and re-used across data-sets, farm types and locations. In this deliverable we (i) describe FSSIM and its design as an integrated generic bio-economic farm model, (ii) briefly describe each of the components of FSSIM and provide references to relevant deliverables and publications for more detail and (iii) evaluating FSSIM on criteria for generic models by describing applications of FSSIM

Time and Reference Systems

Geodesy is the science of the measurement and mapping of the Earth’s surface, and in this context it is also the science that defines and realizes coordinates and associated coordinate systems. Geodesy thus is the foundation for all applications of global navigation satellite system (GNSS). This chapter presents the reference systems needed to describe coordinates of points on the Earth’s surface or in near space and to relate coordinate systems among each other, as well as to some absolute system, visually, a celestial system. The topic is primarily one of geometry, but the geodynamics of the Earth as a rotating body in the solar system plays a fundamental role in defining and transforming coordinate systems. Therefore, also the fourth coordinate, time, is critical not only as the independent variable in the dynamical theories, but also as a parameter in modern geodetic measurement systems. Instead of expounding the theory of geodynamics and celestial mechanics, it is sufficient for the purpose of this chapter to describe the corresponding phenomena, textually, analytically and illustratively, in order to give a sense of the scope of the tasks involved in providing accurate coordinate reference systems not just to geodesists, but to all geoscientists