Možnosti migračního řešení perspektivního úbytku a demografického stárnutí obyvatelstva České republiky

The article draws on the concept of ‘replacement migration’, widely presented by the Population Division of the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs in 2000 and 2001, which elaborated a concept and conducted a comprehensive analysis of international migration as a solution to the problem of population declines and demographic ageing. This concept was applied as an example to selected countries in the world, the European region, and the European Union as a whole. It involves calculating the number of foreign migrants necessary to completely offset future changes in the size or age structure of the given country’s population as a result of the predicted demographic trends. The following article describes the formulation of this concept and looks at its application on a general methodological level and in the specifi c case of the Czech Republic. A detailed description is given not just of the model used but also of its internal and external assumptions. The constructed model is then applied towards determining the, necessary number of ‘replacement migrants’ in order to prevent a signifi cant change in the Czech Republic in: 1) the total size of the population, 2) the average age of the population, 3) the percentage of people of working age, and 4) the ratio of people of post-productive to productive age. With the aid of the results the authors clearly demonstrate that while international migrants could effectively help maintain the current size of the population, they would not be able to prevent the continued ageing of the population or even have a decisive impact on the course of this process. With these fi ndings the authors hope to contribute to the debate on the topic of the ageing population in the Czech Republic, and they call strongly for more intensive and especially more effective preparations for this real and unavoidable era in the development of Czech society

Early mobilisation in critically ill COVID-19 patients: a subanalysis of the ESICM-initiated UNITE-COVID observational study

Background Early mobilisation (EM) is an intervention that may improve the outcome of critically ill patients. There is limited data on EM in COVID-19 patients and its use during the first pandemic wave. Methods This is a pre-planned subanalysis of the ESICM UNITE-COVID, an international multicenter observational study involving critically ill COVID-19 patients in the ICU between February 15th and May 15th, 2020. We analysed variables associated with the initiation of EM (within 72 h of ICU admission) and explored the impact of EM on mortality, ICU and hospital length of stay, as well as discharge location. Statistical analyses were done using (generalised) linear mixed-effect models and ANOVAs. Results Mobilisation data from 4190 patients from 280 ICUs in 45 countries were analysed. 1114 (26.6%) of these patients received mobilisation within 72 h after ICU admission; 3076 (73.4%) did not. In our analysis of factors associated with EM, mechanical ventilation at admission (OR 0.29; 95% CI 0.25, 0.35; p = 0.001), higher age (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.98, 1.00; p ≤ 0.001), pre-existing asthma (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.73, 0.98; p = 0.028), and pre-existing kidney disease (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.71, 0.99; p = 0.036) were negatively associated with the initiation of EM. EM was associated with a higher chance of being discharged home (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.08, 1.58; p = 0.007) but was not associated with length of stay in ICU (adj. difference 0.91 days; 95% CI − 0.47, 1.37, p = 0.34) and hospital (adj. difference 1.4 days; 95% CI − 0.62, 2.35, p = 0.24) or mortality (OR 0.88; 95% CI 0.7, 1.09, p = 0.24) when adjusted for covariates. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that a quarter of COVID-19 patients received EM. There was no association found between EM in COVID-19 patients' ICU and hospital length of stay or mortality. However, EM in COVID-19 patients was associated with increased odds of being discharged home rather than to a care facility. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04836065 (retrospectively registered April 8th 2021)

Vývoj odvratitelné úmrtnosti v České republice v období 1990-2006

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Avoidable Mortality in he Czech Republic and its Applications

lntroduction From the long-term viewpoint' monaliý c|ear|y assumes a crucia| position in the demographic development. lt codetermines the evolution of the size of a given population and it contributes to the creation ofits sex and age structure. As a result, it becomes one of the significant factors of the social and economic development. This fact bestows a deep sense to the entire study of mortality, both in the general context and in real conditions. Unlike other components of the population reproduction, the process of mortality mostly occurs independently from the will of man and his decision-making. As a rule, demographic events provoked by a decision of an individual or a partnership couple (birth, marriage, divorce) are preceded by a preparatory period lasting some time. In the case of mortality, there is a certain parallel as, apart from suicides and other violent deaths, most events shaping the process under observation result from the influences with a long-term impact on human health. Only a small part of people die "without any blame" such as due to some untreatable congenital defect or accident caused by another person. As a result, the absolute majority of deaths is caused by the way of life that in the long run and systematically harms the health ofits bearer, through the neglect ofcare for..

Avoidable Mortality in he Czech Republic and its Applications

lntroduction From the long-term viewpoint' monaliý c|ear|y assumes a crucia| position in the demographic development. lt codetermines the evolution of the size of a given population and it contributes to the creation ofits sex and age structure. As a result, it becomes one of the significant factors of the social and economic development. This fact bestows a deep sense to the entire study of mortality, both in the general context and in real conditions. Unlike other components of the population reproduction, the process of mortality mostly occurs independently from the will of man and his decision-making. As a rule, demographic events provoked by a decision of an individual or a partnership couple (birth, marriage, divorce) are preceded by a preparatory period lasting some time. In the case of mortality, there is a certain parallel as, apart from suicides and other violent deaths, most events shaping the process under observation result from the influences with a long-term impact on human health. Only a small part of people die "without any blame" such as due to some untreatable congenital defect or accident caused by another person. As a result, the absolute majority of deaths is caused by the way of life that in the long run and systematically harms the health ofits bearer, through the neglect ofcare for...Úvod Úmrtnost zaujímá z d|ouhodobého hlediska v demografickém ývojijednoznačně klíčovépostavení. Spo|uurčuje vývoj početníhostavu obyvatel a podí|íse na vytváření jejich pohlavní a věkové struktury' Tímse stává jedním zvýznamných činitelůsociálně ekonomické rozvoje. Tento fakt pak dává h|ubšísmys| celému studiu úmrtnosti, ať jižv obecných souvis|ostech, nebo v reá|ných podmínkách. Proces úmrtnosti na rozdíl od ostatních složek populačníreprodukce probíhá v pÍeváŽnévětšině případůnezávis|e na vůličlověka a jeho rozhodování' Demografickým událostem vyvolaným rozhodnutím jednotlivce nebo partnerské dvojice (narození dítěte, sňatek, rozvod) zpravidla pÍedcházíčasově delší ,,přípravné..období.V případě úmrtnosti existuje jistá paralela v tom' že kromě sebevraŽd a dalšíchnásilných úmrtíjevětšina událostí tvořících s|edovaný proces výsledkem v|ivů d|ouhodobě působícíchna zdraví č|ověka. Jen malá část |idí Umírá ,,bez viny.. např. následkem nevyléčitelnévrozené vady nebo nehody způsobenéjinouosobou. Rozhodující většina úmrtíjetudížzpůsobena způsobem Života, kter1ý dlouhodobě a systematicky poškozuje zdravísvého nositele, zanedbávánim péčelidío vlastní zdraví, a častotakénedostatečným fungováním systému zdravotní péče. Cílem předloŽené doktorské dizertačnípráce 1e prezentace dosavadních výzkumných aktivit kandidáta...Department of Demography and GeodemographyKatedra demografie a geodemografieFaculty of SciencePřírodovědecká fakult

Tomáš Kučera vstoupil do sedmé dekády svého života

27427

Obyvatelstvo světa

545

Strukturální změny úmrtnosti v českých zemích a na Slovensku mezi roky 1991 a 2006

17318

Regionální diferenciace odvratitelné a neodvratitelné úmrtnosti v České republice a její vývoj v období 1987-2006

778

Jak dlouho žijí lidské populace ve světě?

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