Comparing the Usage of React Native and Ionic

This project will compare two popular programming frameworks for building mobile applications. These frameworks are called ‘cross-platform frameworks’ as they can develop applications on multiple platforms. The scope of this project is to understand the structural reasons for the differences in these frameworks. While this project does speculate on reasons for choosing either framework, this project does not attempt to make a hard recommendation. In this project, I built two applications, as similar as possible, in React Native and Ionic. I found that there were differences in the goals of these frameworks, lending each of the two better to different use cases. This is important because it is useful to understand the advantages and disadvantages of different tools

Conventional Politics for Unconventional Drilling? Lessons from Pennsylvania's Early Move into Fracking Policy Development

The emergence of hydraulic fracturing techniques is generating a dramatic expansion of the development of domestic natural gas resources in the U nited S tates and abroad. Fracking also poses a series of environmental protection challenges that cut across traditional medium and program boundaries. Formal constraints on federal government engagement thus far devolve considerable latitude to individual states for policy development. This provides an important test of whether recent scholarly emphasis on highly innovative state environmental and energy policies can be extended to this burgeoning area. P ennsylvania has moved to the epicenter of the fracking revolution, reflecting its vast Marcellus Shale resource and far‐reaching 2012 legislation. This article examines the P ennsylvania case and notes that the state's emerging policy appears designed to maximize resource extraction while downplaying environmental considerations. The case analysis generates questions as to whether this experience constitutes an influential state early mover that is likely to diffuse widely or is instead an aberration in a rapidly diversifying state policy development process.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/98279/1/ropr12018.pd

Carbon Taxation and Policy Labeling: Experience from American States and Canadian Provinces

A vast economics literature embraces taxation of the carbon content of fossil fuels as the superior policy approach for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, experience around the world suggests that carbon taxes face exceedingly difficult political hurdles. Federal experience in the United States and in Canada confirms this pattern. This article reviews sub‐federal policy development among American states and Canadian provinces, a great many of which have pursued climate policy development. With one major exception, explicit carbon taxation appears to remain a political nonstarter. At the same time, states and provinces have been placing indirect carbon prices on fossil fuel use through a wide range of policies. These tend to strategically alter labeling, avoiding the terms of “tax” and “carbon” in imposing costs. The article offers a framework for considering such strategies and examines common design features, including direct linkage between cost imposition and fund usage to build political support.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/91109/1/j.1541-1338.2012.00564.x.pd

Public Attitudes toward Climate Science and Climate Policy in Federal Systems: Canada and the United States Compared 1

Multilevel governance poses several challenges for the politics of climate change. On the one hand, the unequal distribution of power and interests can serve as a barrier to implementing coherent policy at a federal level. On the other, these features also enable policy leadership among sub‐federal units. In the context of wide variation in climate policy at both national and sub‐federal levels in Canada and in the United States, this paper utilizes an original data set to examine public attitudes and perceptions toward climate science and climate change policy in two federal systems. Drawing on national and provincial/state level data from telephone surveys administered in the United States and in Canada, the paper provides insight into where the public stands on the climate change issue in two of the most carbon‐intensive federal systems in the world. The paper includes the first directly comparable public opinion data on how Canadians and Americans form their opinions regarding climate matters and provides insight into the preferences of these two populations regarding climate policies at both the national and sub‐federal levels. Key findings are examined in the context of growing policy experiments at the sub‐federal level in both countries and limited national level progress in the adoption of climate change legislation.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/91218/1/j.1541-1338.2012.00563.x.pd

A System with Multiple Liquid-Liquid Critical Points

We study a three-dimensional system of particles interacting via spherically-symmetric pair potentials consisting of several discontinuous steps. We show that at certain values of the parameters desribing the potential, the system has three first-order phase transitions between fluids of different densities ending in three critical points.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figure

L’opinion publique canadienne sur les changements climatiques et les politiques de contrôle des émissions de gaz à effet de serre

Notes d'analyse de la Chaire d’études politiques et économiques américainesSérie Politiques environnementalesCette note offre un aperçu des résultats de deux sondages nationaux sur les perceptions à l’égard des changements climatiques au Canada et aux États-Unis à l’automne 2014. Elle accorde une importance particulière aux divergences provinciales dans l’opinion publique canadienne, mettant en évidence les résultats obtenus au Québec et en Alberta, dont les opinions se situent aux antipodes sur l’enjeu des changements climatiques. Nos sondages portaient sur les perceptions de la réalité du réchauffement climatique global et de ses origines humaines, sur les politiques mises de l’avant pour contrer ce phénomène (dont les systèmes de plafonnement et d’échange de droits d’émission de gaz à effet de serre (SPEDE) et la taxe sur le carbone) et sur les projets d’oléoducs «Énergie Est» et «Keystone XL». L’opinion canadienne est dans l’ensemble plus réceptive à la thèse du réchauffement climatique d’origine humaine et appuie plus fortement les politiques de lutte aux émissions de gaz à effet de serre que l’opinion américaine. Il y a cependant de grandes variations entre les régions du Canada. Notamment, l’opinion québécoise est nettement plus réceptive à la lutte aux changements climatiques que la moyenne canadienne et l’opinion albertaine se compare à ce qu’on observe aux États-Unis. À ces différences régionales s’ajoutent des différences entre partis politiques. Les électeurs qui appuient des partis à gauche de l’échiquier politique ont des attitudes plus favorables à la lutte aux changements climatiques.This note summarizes the results of two national surveys of perceptions and attitudes about climate change and issues and policies related to this phenomenon, taken in the fall of 2014. We highlight differences across regions and political party affiliations, with an emphasis on differences between Québec and Alberta, where opinions on climate change stand at polar opposites. Our surveys explored attitudes on issues related to the reality of climate change and its human origins, on policies to address this phenomenon (including cap-and-trade schemes and a carbon tax), as well as two major pipelineproject, “Energy East” in Canada and “Keystone XL” in the United States. In general, Canadian opinion is more receptive to the scientific consensus on climate change and to policies aimed at limiting greenhouse-gas emissions than its U.S. counterpart. We note sizable variations between Canadian provinces, however. Notably, Québec’s public opinion is significantly more receptive than the Canadian average, and attitudes in Alberta are similar to what we can observe in the United States. In addition to these regional differences, we also observe significant differences in attitudes across groups defined by political party affiliation. Voters who favor parties of the left tend to be more favorable to the scientific consensus on climate change and more supportive of policies to limit greenhouse-gas emission.CÉPÉA ; CÉRIUM ; Ministère des Relations internationales du Québe

Antimicrobial mechanism of action of surfactant lipid preparations in enteric Gram‐negative bacilli

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/98818/1/j.1365-2672.2000.01127.x.pd