Factors associated with the incidence of pressure ulcer during hospital stay

OBJETIVO Estimar a taxa de incidência de úlcera por pressão e verificar fatores associados a essa ocorrência em uma coorte de pacientes hospitalizados. MÉTODO Trata-se de estudo de coorte no qual o desfecho foi a ocorrência da úlcera por pressão. A estimativa do efeito das variáveis para a proporção de incidência acumulada do desfecho foi realizada utilizando o modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox. A seleção das variáveis ocorreu por meio do teste de hipóteses Logrank. RESULTADOS A amostra foi composta de 442 adultos, com 25 casos incidentes de úlcera por pressão. Pacientes com altos escores na escala de Braden apresentaram maior risco de incidência de úlcera por pressão quando comparados com aqueles classificados na categoria de baixo escore. CONCLUSÃO Os resultados reforçam a importância do uso da Escala de Braden para auxiliar na identificação dos pacientes com maior probabilidade de desenvolver úlcera por pressão.OBJETIVO Estimar la tasa de incidencia de úlcera por presión y verificar factores asociados a esa ocurrencia en una cohorte de pacientes hospitalizados. MÉTODO Se trata de estudio de cohorte en el que el resultado fue la ocurrencia de la úlcera por presión. La estimación del efecto de las variables para la proporción de incidencia acumulada del resultado fue realizada utilizando el modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox. La selección de las variables ocurrió mediante el test de hipótesis de Log-Rank. RESULTADOS La muestra estuvo compuesta de 442 adultos, con 25 casos incidentes de úlcera por presión. Pacientes con altos puntajes en la escala de Braden presentaron mayor riesgo de incidencia de úlcera por presión cuando comparados con aquellos clasificados en la categoría de bajo escore. CONCLUSIÓN Los resultados refuerzan la importancia del empleo de la Escala de Braden para auxiliar la identificación de los pacientes con mayor probabilidad de desarrollar úlcera por presión.OBJECTIVE Estimating the incidence rate of pressure ulcers and verifying factors associated with this occurrence in a cohort of hospitalized patients. METHOD This is a cohort study in which the considered outcome was the time until pressure ulcer occurrence. Estimated effect of the variables on the cumulative incidence ratio of the outcome was performed using the Cox proportional hazards model. Variable selection occurred via the Logrank hypothesis test. RESULTS The sample consisted of 442 adults, with 25 incidents of pressure ulcers. Patients with high scores on the Braden scale presented a higher risk of pressure ulcer incidence when compared to those classified into the low score category. CONCLUSION These results reinforce the importance of using the Braden Scale to assist in identifying patients more likely to develop pressure ulcers

Bandgap engineering of two-dimensional semiconductor materials

© 2020 Springer Nature Limited Semiconductors are the basis of many vital technologies such as electronics, computing, communications, optoelectronics, and sensing. Modern semiconductor technology can trace its origins to the invention of the point contact transistor in 1947. This demonstration paved the way for the development of discrete and integrated semiconductor devices and circuits that has helped to build a modern society where semiconductors are ubiquitous components of everyday life. A key property that determines the semiconductor electrical and optical properties is the bandgap. Beyond graphene, recently discovered two-dimensional (2D) materials possess semiconducting bandgaps ranging from the terahertz and mid-infrared in bilayer graphene and black phosphorus, visible in transition metal dichalcogenides, to the ultraviolet in hexagonal boron nitride. In particular, these 2D materials were demonstrated to exhibit highly tunable bandgaps, achieved via the control of layers number, heterostructuring, strain engineering, chemical doping, alloying, intercalation, substrate engineering, as well as an external electric field. We provide a review of the basic physical principles of these various techniques on the engineering of quasi-particle and optical bandgaps, their bandgap tunability, potentials and limitations in practical realization in future 2D device technologies.11Nsciescopu