The human right to climate adaptation

Abstract We demonstrate that a right to climate change adaptation exists in a bundle of pre-existing human rights norms. This existing right provides clear principles to guide the implementation of climate adaptation in ways that are equitable and effective, obliging States to, inter alia, prioritise those whose rights are most at risk from climate change; maximise the adaptive capacity of individuals; preserve territory to protect the sovereign rights of peoples; and ensure that adaptation practices themselves do not harm human rights. Human rights law requires that these obligations be fulfilled without discrimination on any grounds, including economic judgements about the cost effectiveness of adaptation in small or remote countries or communities

Resonance Induced Properties in Monothiocarbamates Derived from Aromatic Amines: Comparison of the Coordination Chemistry of Indole and Indoline Monothiocarbamates

The syntheses of two new monothiocarbamate ligands and selected transition element complexes of each are reported. The complexes of indoline-N-carbothioate (intc) prepared are: NiL2·1.5H2O, ZnL2, NiL2·2py, ZnL2·2py. The complexes of indole N-carbothioate (iltc) are: NiL′2, ZnL′2, Cul′. IR spectral results support a bidentate ligand behavior for both new monothiocarbamates except in ZnL2·2py. Comparison of the IR spectral features of bis(indolylcarbamoyl)-disulfide with that of coordinated indole-N-carbothioate allowed an assignment of the C-S and C-O vibrational frequencies. Evidence for differences in major resonance contributions to the electronic structures of each new ligand are presented. The crystal structure of thebis(indolylcarbamoyl)disulphide is also presented and a comparison is made to pyrrole-N-carbothioate, another aromatic amine monothiocarbamate. The disulphide crystallizes in the centrosymmetric monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 15.64(4)Å, b = 5.228(1)Å,c = 19.271(7)Å, β = 97.20(2)°, V = 1564(1)Å3, d(obsd)(calcd) = (1.50)(1.52) for a molecular weight = 356.1 and Z = 4. Diffraction data were collected with a Syntex Pdiffractiometer with CuKα radiation. Least squares refinement resulted in Rf = 7.0% for all 1213 non zero reflections have (I)\u3e 3σ(I)

Coordination Chemistry of New Sulfur-Containing Ligands. 22. Synthesis and Structure of bis(pyridine)bis(pyrrole-N-carbothioato)nickel(II), Ni(SOCNC4H4)2(C5H5N)2. Evidence for New Resonance Forms in Monothiocarbamates

This bis(pyridine) adduct of the Ni(II) complex of pyrrole-N-carbothioate, Ni(ptc)2(py)2 has been synthesized by the addition of pyridine to a THF solution of Ni2(ptc)4·3THF. The crystal and molecular structure of the title compound has been solved by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study at room temperature. The compound crystallizes in the centrosymmetric monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 11.423 (5) Å, b = 9.415 (4) Å, c = 21.651 (11) Å, β = 112.92 (3)°, V = 2145 (2) Å, and dcbod (dcalcd) = 1.46 (1.45) g/cm3 for a mol wt = 469.2 and Z = 4. Diffraction data were collected with a Syntex P1 diffractometer using Mo Kα radiation (λ = 0.71069 Å). The nickel atom was located from a Patterson synthesis, and all other nonhydrogen atoms were located via difference Fourier techniques. Hydrogens were placed in calculated positions whenever necessary. Least-squares refinement resulted in RF = 6.9% and “goodness-of-fit” = 1.28 for all 1469 reflections having I ≥ 3σ(I) with 5° \u3c 2θ \u3c 42°. The molecules are well separated and monomeric. The coordination geometry about the Ni atom is best described as a distorted octahedron. The arrangement of the nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen donor atoms is discussed in terms of the trans influence. In addition, bond distances and angles indicate little or no contribution from the resonance form usually associated with monothiocarbamates. Comparisons between this new (aromatic) monothiocarbamate and dialkylmonothiocarbamates are made

Stereochemical studies of some 1,3-disubstituted phthalans

No systematic studies appear to have been reported on the synthesis or methods of assigning the stereochemistry of 1,3-disubstituted phthalans such as 1 - 4. As part of pharmaacological studies (3) on the separated cis-trans isomers of 1-(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)-3-phenylphthalan (3) prepared sequentially from 1 and 2 it was desirable to establish the stereochemical configurations of the cis-trans isomers of 1-4. We report here nonstereospecific syntheses of 1-4, proton and ^(13)C nmr studies which are somewhat indicative of the configurations, stereoselective syntheses of the cis isomers of 2 - 4 from o-benzoylbenzaldehyde and confirmation of the nmr assignments by X-ray diffraction determination of the crystal structure of trans-1