Польска школа верхової їзди

The aim of the research was to recreate the processes determining the development of the concept of the Polish horse riding school. In the implementation of the previously adopted scheme, there were used methods in the field of historical and pedagogical science. As a result of the query, a lot of the material was obtained at the Central Military Archives in Warsaw and the Sports Museum in Olsztyn. It should be emphasized that the use of horses in the Republic of Poland has centuries of tradition. Yet in the 18th century, Polish horse riding school dominated in Europe. However, due to the subsequent partitions and the loss of independence, there were no conditions for further improvement of the equestrian art system. The next opportunity did not appear until 1918, when Poles created the foundation of statehood. Therefore, shortly thereafter, three military horse riding schools were established for the needs of the reviving weapon. They were dominated by the old classical-manege system, cultivated by senior officers from the former Armed Forces of Austria-Hungary. The new trends were initiated in the ranks of cavalry due to soldiers who had previously served in the army of the Russian partitioner. The results of the carried out research enabled to formulate the conclusion that allows to state that the clash of views among the officers resulted in the development of the principles of the Polish horse riding school. It was a combination of the Italian system and extensive experience of the former manege school.  It was developed by horse riding instructors at the Cavalry Training Center in Grudziądz. Thanks to that, Polish horsemanship in the inter-war period was included in the world leaders.Цель исследования – воспроизвести процессы, определяющие развитие концепции польской школы верховой езды. При реализации ранее принятой схемы использовались методы в области историко-педагогической науки. По результатам запроса много материалов получено в Центральном военном архиве в Варшаве и в Музее спорта в Ольштыне. Следует подчеркнуть, что использование лошадей в Республике Польша имеет многовековую традицию. Еще в ХVІІІ в. в Европе работала польская школа верховой езды. Однако через разделы и потерю независимости не было условий для дальнейшего совершенствования системы конного искусства. Следующая возможность появилась до 1918 г., когда поляки создали фундамент государственности. Поэтому вскоре после этого сформировались три военные школы верховой езды для нужд возрождения оружия. В них царила старая классическая Манежная система, которую культивировали старшие офицеры бывших Вооруженных сил Австро-Венгрии. Новые тенденции начались в рядах конницы, благодаря солдатам, которые ранее служили в армии российского партизана. Результаты проведенного исследования позволили сформулировать вывод: столкновение взглядов среди офицеров привело к разработке принципов польской школы верховой езды. Это было сочетанием итальянской системы и большим опытом бывшей школы манежа. Он разработан инструк- торами верховой езды в учебном центре кавалерии в Грудзодзе. Благодаря этому, польское коневодство в межвоенный период включено в мировые лидеры.Мета дослідження – відтворити процеси, що визначають розвиток концепції польської школи верхової їзди. Під час реалізації раніше прийнятої схеми застосовували методи в галузі історико-педагогічної науки. За результатами запиту багато матеріалів отримано в Центральному військовому архіві у Варшаві та в Музеї спорту в Ольштині. Потрібно підкреслити, що використання коней у Республіці Польща має багатовікову традицію. Ще у ХVІІІ ст. в Європі панувала польська школа верхової їзди. Однак через наступні розділи та втрату незалежності не було умов для подальшого вдосконалення системи кінного мистецтва. Наступна можливість з’явилася до 1918 р., коли поляки заклали фундамент державності. Тому незабаром після цього створено три військові школи верхо- вої їзди для потреб відроджувальної зброї. У них панувала стара класична манежна система, яку культивували старші офіцери колишніх Збройних сил Австро-Угорщини. Нові тенденції започатковано в лавах кінноти завдяки солдатам, котрі раніше служили в армії російського партизана. Результати проведеного дослідження дали підставу сформулювати висновок, який сприяє констатації, що зіткнення поглядів серед офіцерів призвело до розробки принципів польської школи верхової їзди. Це стало поєднанням італійської системи й великим досвідом колишньої школи манежу. Він розроблений інструкторами з верхової їзди в навчальному центрі кавалерії в Грудзодзь. Завдяки цьому польське конярство в міжвоєнний період включено до світових лідерів

Polish Horse-Riding School

The aim of the research was to recreate the processes determining the development of the concept of the Polish horse riding school. In the implementation of the previously adopted scheme, there were used methods in the field of historical and pedagogical science. As a result of the query, a lot of the material was obtained at the Central Military Archives in Warsaw and the Sports Museum in Olsztyn. It should be emphasized that the use of horses in the Republic of Poland has centuries of tradition. Yet in the 18th century, Polish horse riding school dominated in Europe. However, due to the subsequent partitions and the loss of independence, there were no conditions for further improvement of the equestrian art system. The next opportunity did not appear until 1918, when Poles created the foundation of statehood. Therefore, shortly thereafter, three military horse riding schools were established for the needs of the reviving weapon. They were dominated by the old classical-manege system, cultivated by senior officers from the former Armed Forces of Austria-Hungary. The new trends were initiated in the ranks of cavalry due to soldiers who had previously served in the army of the Russian partitioner. The results of the carried out research enabled to formulate the conclusion that allows to state that the clash of views among the officers resulted in the development of the principles of the Polish horse riding school. It was a combination of the Italian system and extensive experience of the former manege school.  It was developed by horse riding instructors at the Cavalry Training Center in Grudziądz. Thanks to that, Polish horsemanship in the inter-war period was included in the world leaders

Sauna-Induced Body Mass Loss in Young Sedentary Women and Men

The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and body mass loss (BML) induced by thermal stress in a dry sauna. The study was conducted on a group of 674 sedentary students, 326 women and 348 men aged 19-20. The correlations between BMI scores and BML were determined. The subjects were placed in supine position in a dry sauna for two sessions of 10 minutes each with a 5-minute break. The influence of BMI on the amount of BML in the sauna was determined by nonlinear stepwise regression. The smallest BML was noted in underweight subjects; students with normal weight lost more weight, whereas the greatest BML was reported in overweight and obese subjects. Persons with a high BMI are at higher risk of dehydration, and they should pay particular attention to replenishing fluids during a visit to the sauna. The proposed equations for calculating BML based on a person's BMI can be useful in estimating the amount of fluids that should be replenished by both men and women during a visit to a dry sauna

Polish Horse-Riding School

The aim of the research was to recreate the processes determining the development of the concept of the Polish horse riding school. In the implementation of the previously adopted scheme, there were used methods in the field of historical and pedagogical science. As a result of the query, a lot of the material was obtained at the Central Military Archives in Warsaw and the Sports Museum in Olsztyn. It should be emphasized that the use of horses in the Republic of Poland has centuries of tradition. Yet in the 18th century, Polish horse riding school dominated in Europe. However, due to the subsequent partitions and the loss of independence, there were no conditions for further improvement of the equestrian art system. The next opportunity did not appear until 1918, when Poles created the foundation of statehood. Therefore, shortly thereafter, three military horse riding schools were established for the needs of the reviving weapon. They were dominated by the old classical-manege system, cultivated by senior officers from the former Armed Forces of Austria-Hungary. The new trends were initiated in the ranks of cavalry due to soldiers who had previously served in the army of the Russian partitioner. The results of the carried out research enabled to formulate the conclusion that allows to state that the clash of views among the officers resulted in the development of the principles of the Polish horse riding school. It was a combination of the Italian system and extensive experience of the former manege school.  It was developed by horse riding instructors at the Cavalry Training Center in Grudziądz. Thanks to that, Polish horsemanship in the inter-war period was included in the world leaders

Dynamics of comprehensive physical fitness in artistic gymnasts aged 7-10 years

Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate the somatic development and comprehensive physical fitness of artistic gymnasts aged 7-10 years. Materials and methods: Gymnasts (n = 307), split up into four age groups performed eight Eurofit tests. The results were evaluated in points according to the development standards prepared in scale T for the Polish girls population. Results : The gymnasts obtained the highest growth rate in balance test - FLB (13 points), arm and shoulder muscular endurance test - BAH (7 points) and speed of the upper limb movement test - PLT (4 points) out of eight physical fitness tests. Conclusions. High and very high level of performance in the six Eurofit tests and increased total number of points in the subsequent age groups of artistic gymnasts proved high effectiveness of training in shaping the key components of a comprehensive physical fitness in artistic gymnastics - balance, strength, endurance, speed and flexibility. Relatively little progress in isometric hand strength (HGR) and standing broad jump (SBJ) suggests a significant influence of genetic factors on the level of these abilities. The results provide an objective information useful in optimizing control system of training effects in comprehensive physical fitness and optimization of artistic gymnasts training at the comprehensive stage of sports training

Postexercise Impact of Ice-Cold Water Bath on the Oxidant-Antioxidant Balance in Healthy Men

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of a 5 min head-out ice-cold water bath on the oxidant-antioxidant balance in response to exercise. The crossover study included the subjects (n=24; aged 28.7±7.3 years) who performed two identical stationary cycling bouts for 30 min and recovered for 10 min at room temperature (RT=20°C; session 1) or in a pool with ice-cold water (ICW=3°C, 5 min immersion; session 2). The concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in blood plasma (TBARSpl) and erythrocytes (TBARSer) and the erythrocytic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured three times during each of the two study sessions: before the exercise (baseline) and 20 and 40 min after the appropriate recovery session. Lower concentration of TBARSpl 40 min after postexercise recovery in ICW was revealed as compared with that after recovery at RT (P<0.05). Moreover, a statistically significant postexercise increase in the TBARSpl and TBARSer concentrations was found (P<0.01 and P<0.05, resp.). A short-term ice-cold water bath decreases postexercise lipid peroxidation

Relationships between anthropometric features, body composition, and anaerobic alactic power in elite post-pubertal and mature male taekwondo athletes

Purpose. The paper describes the relationships between anthropometric features, body composition, and anaerobic alactic power (AAP) in elite post-pubertal and mature male taekwondo athletes. Methods. The sample of 41 taekwondo athletes was divided into two groups: post-pubertal (P-P, n = 19, Mage = 15.6 ± 1.1 years) and mature (M, n = 22, Mage = 20.7 ± 2.8 years). Anthropometric features (WB-150, ZPU Tryb-Wag, Poland), body composition (BC-418 MA, Tanita, Japan), maturational status (Pubertal Maturational Observational Scale), and AAP (10-s version of the Wingate Anaerobic Test) were assessed. Results. Post-hoc testing revealed significant between-group differences (3.2-20.4%, p < 0.01) in all anthropometric and body composition measures, with effect sizes (ES) between −0.79 and −1.25 (p < 0.001), except for fat content and percentage of skeletal muscle mass (SMM) (p ≥ 0.05). In group M, the maximal power output (Pmax) was greater (ES = −1.15, p < 0.001) and the time of its attainment shorter (ES = 0.59, p < 0.001) than in group P-P. Correlation analyses indicated notably strong associations between body mass (BM) and Pmax in group P-P (r = 0.950 [95% CI, 0.85-0.98], p < 0.001) and M (r = 0.926 [95% CI, 0.81-0.97], p < 0.001), and similar-sized strong correlations between fat-free mass (FFM) and Pmax in group P-P (r = 0.955 [95% CI, 0.86-0.99], p < 0.001) and M (r = 0.924 [95% CI, 0.82-0.96], p < 0.001). Additionally, a strong correlation was found between body height and Pmax in groups P-P and M (r = 0.805 [95% CI, 0.54-0.92], p < 0.001 and r = 0.819 [95% CI, 0.58-0.93], p < 0.001, respectively). Linear regression analyses demonstrated that FFM, BM, and absolute SMM best explained the variance in Pmax in both groups (r, 0.939-0.951; r2, 0.882-0.909). Conclusions. The strong correlations observed in both groups between BM, FFM, SMM, and Pmax demonstrate the significant effects of body size and composition on AAP. By determining the current levels of these measures for individual athletes and via regressive modelling, one can anticipate the individual developmental dynamics of AAP. On the basis of anthropometric profiling, we recommend the recruitment and selection of tall and lean individuals with high anaerobic predisposition in taekwondo. Such a profile may enable coaches to better predict future athlete development, particularly in AAP

Sauna-induced body mass loss in physically inactive young women and men

Study aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between basic somatic features (body mass and height) and body mass loss in physically inactive young women and men exposed to thermal stress in a dry sauna