Brief time course of trait anxiety-related attentional bias to fearconditioned stimuli: evidence from the dual-RSVP task

Yazar tarafından 48 ay ambargo konmuştur.Background and objectives Attentional bias to threat is a much-studied feature of anxiety; it is typically assessed using response time (RT) tasks such as the dot probe. Findings regarding the time course of attentional bias have been inconsistent, possibly because RT tasks are sensitive to processes downstream of attention. Methods Attentional bias was assessed using an accuracy-based task in which participants detected a single digit in two simultaneous rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) streams of letters. Before the target, two coloured shapes were presented simultaneously, one in each RSVP stream; one shape had previously been associated with threat through Pavlovian fear conditioning. Attentional bias was indicated wherever participants identified targets in the threat’s RSVP stream more accurately than targets in the other RSVP stream. Results In 87 unselected undergraduates, trait anxiety only predicted attentional bias when the target was presented immediately following the shapes, i.e. 160 ms later; by 320 ms the bias had disappeared. This suggests attentional bias in anxiety can be extremely brief and transitory. Limitations This initial study utilised an analogue sample, and was unable to physiologically verify the efficacy of the conditioning. The next steps will be to verify these results in a sample of diagnosed anxious patients, and to use alternative threat stimuli. Conclusions The results of studies using response time to assess the time course of attentional bias may partially reflect later processes such as decision making and response preparation. This may limit the efficacy of therapies aiming to retrain attentional biases using response time tasks.WOS:000389555300009Scopus - Affiliation ID: 60105072PMID: 27393891Social Sciences Citation IndexQ2 - Q3ArticleUluslararası işbirliği ile yapılmayan - HAYIRMart2017YÖK - 2016-1

Letter from W[illiam] S[tone] Booth to John Muir, 1905 Jan 6.

January 6, 1905.Dear Mr. Muir,We are preparing the material for our spring and autumn announcements for the present year, and we shall be much gratified to know if we may have the pleasure of looking forward to the receipt of the manuscript of your book within such a time as would warrant us in regarding it as a work which is likely to appear within the current year. We need not assure you that we shall give a warm welcome to your manuscript, and that it will be a satisfaction to have a line from you about it.Very sincerely yours,[illegible]Mr. John Muir.0350

Letter from William C. Booth to Thomas Fenton Taylor

Letter from William C. Booth to Thomas Fenton Taylor describing his relationship with Walter Whitman, Sr., and his son, Walt Whitman, the poet. The letter is pasted into the front of Taylor’s copy of John Burroughs, Whitman: A Study. Volume Ten of the Riverby Edition of the Writings of John Burroughs (Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1905). The Burroughs set was presented to Taylor by the publisher on March 8, 1906 per the bookplate in the first volume. Held in a private collection; access to the original available upon request.https://openspaces.unk.edu/spec-coll/1055/thumbnail.jp