16,234 research outputs found
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Towards a Theory of Analytical Behaviour: A Model of Decision-Making in Visual Analytics
This paper introduces a descriptive model of the human-computer processes that lead to decision-making in visual analytics. A survey of nine models from the visual analytics and HCI literature are presented to account for different perspectives such as sense-making, reasoning, and low-level human-computer interactions. The survey examines the people and computers (entities) presented in the models, the divisions of labour between entities (both physical and role-based), the behaviour of both people and machines as constrained by their roles and agency, and finally the elements and processes which define the flow of data both within and between entities. The survey informs the identification of four observations that characterise analytical behaviour - defined as decision-making facilitated by visual analytics: bilateral discourse, divisions of labour, mixed-synchronicity information flows, and bounded behaviour. Based on these principles, a descriptive model is presented as a contribution towards a theory of analytical behaviour. The future intention is to apply prospect theory, a economic model of decision-making under uncertainty, to the study of analytical behaviour. It is our assertion that to apply prospect theory first requires a descriptive model of the processes that facilitate decision-making in visual analytics. We conclude it necessary to measure the perception of risk in future work in order to apply prospect theory to the study of analytical behaviour using our proposed model
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Representation Effects and Loss Aversion in Analytical Behaviour: An Experimental Study into Decision Making Facilitated by Visual Analytics
This paper presents the results of an experiment into the relationship between the representation of data and decision-making. Three hundred participants online, were asked to choose between a series of financial investment opportunities using data presented in line charts. A single dependent variable of investment choice was examined over four levels of varying display conditions and randomised data. Three variations to line chart visualisations provided a controlled factor between subjects divided into three groups; -Ëstandardâ line charts, -Ëtallâ line charts, and one dual-series line chart. The final results revealed a consistent main effect and two other interactions between certain display conditions and decision-making. The findings of this paper are significant to the study visualisation and to the field of visual analytics. This experiment was devised as part of a study into Analytical Behaviour, defined as decision-making facilitated by visual analytics - a new topic that encompasses existing research and real-world applications
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Design Spaces in Visual Analytics Based on Goals: Analytical Behaviour, Exploratory Investigation, Information Design & Perceptual Tasks
This paper considers a number of perspectives on design spaces in visual analytics and proposes a new set of four design spaces, based on user goals. Three of the user goals are derived from the literature and are categorised under the terms exploratory investigation, perceptual tasks, and information design. The fourth goal is categorised as analytical behaviour; a recently defined term referring to the study of decision-making facilitated by visual analytics. This paper contributes to the literature on decision-making in visual analytics with a survey of real-world applications within the analytical behaviour design space and by providing a new perspective on design spaces. Central to our analysis is the introduction of decision concepts and theories from economics into a visual analytics context. Given the recent interest in decision-making we wanted to understand the emerging topic of analytical behaviour as a design space and found it necessary to look at more than just decision-making to make a valuable contribution. The result is an initial framework suitable for use in the analysis or design of analytical behaviour applications
Horizon energy and angular momentum from a Hamiltonian perspective
Classical black holes and event horizons are highly non-local objects,
defined in terms of the causal past of future null infinity. Alternative,
(quasi)local definitions are often used in mathematical, quantum, and numerical
relativity. These include apparent, trapping, isolated, and dynamical horizons,
all of which are closely associated to two-surfaces of zero outward null
expansion. In this paper we show that three-surfaces which can be foliated with
such two-surfaces are suitable boundaries in both a quasilocal action and a
phase space formulation of general relativity. The resulting formalism provides
expressions for the quasilocal energy and angular momentum associated with the
horizon. The values of the energy and angular momentum are in agreement with
those derived from the isolated and dynamical horizon frameworks.Comment: 39 pages, 3 figures, Final Version : content essentially unchanged
but many small improvements made in response to referees, a few references
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Comparative Monte Carlo Efficiency by Monte Carlo Analysis
We propose a modified power method for computing the subdominant eigenvalue
of a matrix or continuous operator. Here we focus on defining
simple Monte Carlo methods for its application. The methods presented use
random walkers of mixed signs to represent the subdominant eigenfuction.
Accordingly, the methods must cancel these signs properly in order to sample
this eigenfunction faithfully. We present a simple procedure to solve this sign
problem and then test our Monte Carlo methods by computing the of
various Markov chain transition matrices. We first computed for
several one and two dimensional Ising models, which have a discrete phase
space, and compared the relative efficiencies of the Metropolis and heat-bath
algorithms as a function of temperature and applied magnetic field. Next, we
computed for a model of an interacting gas trapped by a harmonic
potential, which has a mutidimensional continuous phase space, and studied the
efficiency of the Metropolis algorithm as a function of temperature and the
maximum allowable step size . Based on the criterion, we
found for the Ising models that small lattices appear to give an adequate
picture of comparative efficiency and that the heat-bath algorithm is more
efficient than the Metropolis algorithm only at low temperatures where both
algorithms are inefficient. For the harmonic trap problem, we found that the
traditional rule-of-thumb of adjusting so the Metropolis acceptance
rate is around 50% range is often sub-optimal. In general, as a function of
temperature or , for this model displayed trends defining
optimal efficiency that the acceptance ratio does not. The cases studied also
suggested that Monte Carlo simulations for a continuum model are likely more
efficient than those for a discretized version of the model.Comment: 23 pages, 8 figure
Modelling the circumstellar medium in RS Ophiuchi and its link to Type Ia supernovae
Recent interpretations of narrow, variable absorption lines detected in some
Type Ia supernovae suggest that their progenitors are surrounded by dense,
circumstellar material. Similar variations detected in the symbiotic recurrent
nova system RS Oph, which undergoes thermonuclear outbursts every ~20 years,
making it an ideal candidate to investigate the origin of these lines. To this
end, we present simulations of multiple mass transfer-nova cycles in RS Oph. We
find that the quiescent mass transfer produces a dense, equatorial outflow,
i.e., concentrated towards the binary orbital plane, and an accretion disc
forms around the white dwarf. The interaction of a spherical nova outburst with
these aspherical circumstellar structures produces a bipolar outflow, similar
to that seen in HST imaging of the 2006 outburst. In order to produce an
ionization structure that is consistent with observations, a mass-loss rate of
from the red giant is
required. The simulations also produce a polar accretion flow, which may
explain the broad wings of the quiescent H {\alpha} line and hard X-rays. By
comparing simulated absorption line profiles to observations of the 2006
outburst, we are able to determine which components arise in the wind and which
are due to the novae. We explore the possible behaviour of absorption line
profiles as they may appear should a supernova occur in a system like RS Oph.
Our models show similarities to supernovae like SN 2006X, but require a high
mass-loss rate, to
, to explain the variability in SN
2006X
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