MARGINALISATION OF YAK HERDERS IN BHUTAN: CAN PUBLIC POLICY GENERATE NEW STABILITIES THAT CAN SUPPORT THE TRANSFORMATION OF THEIR SKILLS AND ORGANISATIONS? AND BONDS TO TERRITORIES: A CASE STUDY IN FRANCE AND BRAZIL

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5International audienceBhutan is a small Himalayan Monarchy populated with 672,425 inhabitants and located between the subtropical Indian plains and the Tibetan plateau. The yak herders (less than 5% of the population) occupy the Northern belt of the country, alpine region ranging between 2,500 and 6,000m. Yaks ensure their livelihoods with the provision of manure, draught power, meat, hair and dairy products and the possibility to barter the surplus with grains, salt, tools or clothes. Until the 50's Bhutan was still a feudal state isolated from the rest of the world. An original approach to development was put in place to modernise the economy, prioritizing the growth national happiness over Growth Domestic Product. This communication questions the capacity of this development strategy to prevent the marginalisation of yak herding taking place elsewhere in the world. It highlights the footing of the traditional yak farming systems, presents the driving forces of modernisation and analyses as a transfer of complexity the resulting pressures on the yak herding resources and social linkages. It appears that the Bhutanese middle path for development may have prolonged the existence of the yak farming system. Yet it failed so far to create a stable environment able to support the transformation of the herders' skills and organisations and to stabilise their income. Just as it benefited some mountainous areas in Europe, it seems worth investigating the opportunity to add value and to restore the image of the herding activity through a work on the quality of the yak products

Introduction

L’objectif de cette introduction est de présenter et de contextualiser un dossier concerté de treize contributions sur les mutations contemporaines du pastoralisme en Haute-Asie sous la pression des politiques et des mouvements de modernisation qui ont mis à mal la logique nomade qui faisait sa cohérence. Les travaux ont été réalisés sur le Plateau tibétain, en Mongolie et dans la région himalayenne du Bhoutan par des anthropologues, des géographes, des sociologues et des agro-économistes. Nous rappelons les profonds changements intervenus en quelques décennies (1950-2010) sur ces sociétés pluriséculaires d’éleveurs. En même temps, sont donnés à voir les caractéristiques essentielles du pastoralisme de ces régions et les principaux enjeux qui s’y rattachent. Cette ébauche de mise en perspective éclaire les fondements des systèmes d’élevage et fournit un repérage du vaste champ bibliographique concerné. Le contenu et le message des différents articles du dossier sont ensuite explicités. Enfin, face aux tensions de ces situations pastorales aujourd’hui fortement tiraillées entre permanences et ruptures, l’attention est attirée sur quelques urgences qui interpellent tant les responsables que les chercheurs : l’enjeu est de promouvoir des démarches de développement territorial, économique et social qui soient davantage intégrées et plus constructives au regard des capacités et des attentes de ces sociétés d’éleveurs et dans le respect de la durabilité des milieux fragiles et uniques qu’elles habitent.The aim of this introduction is to present and contextualise the thirteen chapters in this special issue, which are devoted to contemporary transformations of Inner Asian pastoralism. Special emphasis falls on the ways in which politics and modernisation movements have put the nomadic logic that underlies pastoralism in this region to the test. These studies have been carried out by anthropologists, geographers, sociologists and agro-economists working on the Tibetan plateau, in Mongolia and in the Buthanese Himalayas. They address the deep changes that have occurred within a few decades (1950-2010) in these centuries old herding societies. At the same time, they show the fundamental characteristics of pastoralism in these regions and the main challenges that confront it. In this introduction, these issues are put in perspective, thus casting light on the foundations of herding systems. Next, an overview is provided of the vast bibliographic field relevant to this topic. Then, the content and the significance of the various contributions to this special issue are explicited. Finally, in view of the tensions of these pastoral settings, which are torn between permanence and rupture, the authors draw attention to some of the urgent problems that raise questions for officials as well as researchers. The challenge here is to promote policies of territorial, economic and social development that would be more integrative and more constructive for members of herding societies, taking into consideration their capacities and expectations, while also respecting the sustainability of the fragile and unique environment they inhabit

Effectiveness and Safety of iGlarLixi (Insulin Glargine 100 U/mL Plus Lixisenatide) in Type 2 Diabetes According to the Timing of Daily Administration: Data from the REALI Pooled Analysis

INTRODUCTION: iGlarLixi (insulin glargine 100 U/mL plus lixisenatide) has demonstrated glycaemic efficacy and safety in adults with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Per the European Medicines Agency's product label, iGlarLixi should be injected once a day within 1 h prior to a meal, preferably the same meal every day when the most convenient meal has been chosen. It is however unknown whether iGlarLixi administration timing affects glycaemic control and safety, as clinical trial evidence is mainly based on pre-breakfast iGlarLixi administration. Therefore, we assessed the effectiveness and safety of iGlarLixi in clinical practice, according to its administration timing. METHODS: Data were pooled from two prospective observational studies including 1303 European participants with T2DM inadequately controlled on oral antidiabetic drugs with or without basal insulin who initiated iGlarLixi therapy for 24 weeks. Participants were classified into four subgroups based on daily timing of iGlarLixi injection: pre-breakfast (N = 436), pre-lunch (N = 262), pre-dinner (N = 399), and those who switched iGlarLixi injection time during the study (N = 206). RESULTS: No meaningful differences in baseline characteristics were observed between the study groups. Least-squares mean reductions in haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) from baseline to week 24 were substantial in all groups, with the numerically largest decrease observed in the pre-breakfast group (1.57%) compared with the pre-lunch (1.27%), pre-dinner (1.42%), or changed injection time (1.33%) groups. Pre-breakfast iGlarLixi injection also resulted in a numerically greater proportion of participants achieving HbA1c < 7.0% at week 24 (33.7% versus 19.0% for pre-lunch, 25.6% pre-dinner, and 23.2% changed injection time). iGlarLixi was well tolerated across all groups, with low rates of gastrointestinal disorders and hypoglycaemia. Mean body weight decreased similarly in all groups (by 1.3-2.3 kg). CONCLUSION: iGlarLixi was effective and safe regardless of its daily administration time. However, pre-breakfast iGlarLixi injection resulted in a more effective glycaemic control

Connaissances de la nature et natures de la connaissance

Bernard Hubert, directeur d’études Le développement durable et la recherche scientifique : opportunisme ou refondation ? Le séminaire porte sur la pertinence de la notion de développement durable du point de vue de la recherche scientifique. Cette notion introduit-elle de nouveaux enjeux, de nouvelles questions qui conduiraient à renouveler certains thèmes, certains objets, voire même certaines pratiques de recherche ? Quels moyens la recherche se donne-t-elle pour intégrer un enchevêtrement ..

iGlarLixi (insulin glargine 100 U/ml plus lixisenatide) is effective and well tolerated in people with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes regardless of age: A REALI pooled analysis of prospective real-world data

AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety in routine clinical practice of insulin glargine/lixisenatide (iGlarLixi) in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) according to age. METHODS: Patient-level data were pooled from 1316 adults with T2D inadequately controlled on oral antidiabetic drugs with or without basal insulin who initiated iGlarLixi for 24 weeks. Participants were classified into age subgroups of younger than 65 years (N = 806) and 65 years or older (N = 510). RESULTS: Compared with participants aged younger than 65 years, those aged 65 years or older had a numerically lower mean body mass index (31.6 vs. 32.6 kg/m2 ), a longer median diabetes duration (11.0 vs. 8.0 years), were more likely to receive prior basal insulin (48.4% vs. 43.5%) and had a lower mean HbA1c (8.93% [74.10 mmol/mol] vs. 9.22% [77.28 mmol/mol]). Similar and clinically relevant reductions in HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose from baseline to week 24 of iGlarLixi therapy were observed regardless of age. At 24 weeks, least-squares adjusted mean (95% confidence interval [CI]) change in HbA1c from baseline was -1.55% (-1.65% to -1.44%) in those aged 65 years or older and -1.42% (-1.50% to -1.33%) in those aged younger than 65 years (95% CI: -0.26% to 0.00%; P = .058 between subgroups). Low incidences of gastrointestinal adverse events and hypoglycaemic episodes were reported in both age subgroups. iGlarLixi decreased mean body weight from baseline to week 24 in both subgroups (-1.6 kg in those aged ≥ 65 years and -2.0 kg in those aged < 65 years). CONCLUSIONS: iGlarLixi is effective and well tolerated in both younger and older people with uncontrolled T2D