Aplicación de los criterios de flexibilidad espacial de segundo y tercer grado en el diseño de un centro cultural-cineteca en Trujillo 2019

La presenta tesis propone el diseño arquitectónico de un Centro Cultural - Cineteca en la ciudad de Trujillo, cuyo objetivo es determinar la aplicación de los criterios de la flexibilidad espacial de segundo y tercer grado, de tal manera dar a conocer el efecto que el diseño, basado en la relación de la variable mencionada, puede tener sobre el usuario en cuanto a su flexibilidad y cantidad de usos que se pueden aplicar en la arquitectura. Ya que la base del diseño arquitectónico constituye principalmente en la integración de la ciudad con la arquitectura a través de espacios públicos donde las personas se relacionen y a la vez desarrollen actividades. Para ello, se desarrolló un análisis descriptivo de carácter casual y proyectivo, siendo como instrumento de investigación análisis de casos, antecedentes y fichas comparativas para la elección de terreno. Consecuencia de este estudio, se establecieron los criterios para el diseño arquitectónico tales como los espacios multifuncionales, mobiliario urbano, integridad y conectividad, y accesibilidad que son la cable para el buen desarrollo de espacios públicos. Para el proyecto, se tuvo definido el terreno adecuado ubicado en el distrito de Trujillo, además también de un programa arquitectónico a base de un flujograma general, de los cuales finalmente los resultaron determinaron la relación directa entre la variable de estudio y la arquitectura, logrando así un correcto manejo de flexibilidad y de multifuncionalidad en sus espacios, lo cual es fundamental en la arquitectura que se está presentando.The thesis proposes the architectural design of a Cultural Center - CINETECA in the city of Trujillo, whose objective is to determine the second and third degree spatial flexibility criteria, in such a way to make known the effect that the design, based on the relationship of the aforementioned variable can have on the user in terms of its flexibility and number of uses that can be applied in the architecture. Since the basis of architectural design is mainly in the integration of the city with architecture through a public space where people interact and at the same time develop activities. For this, a descriptive analysis of casual and projective nature was developed, being as a research instrument case analysis, background and comparative records for the choice of land. As a result of this study, the criteria for architectural design were established, such as multifunctional spaces, street furniture, integrity and connectivity, and accessibility, which are the cable for the good development of public spaces. For the project, the appropriate terrain located in the district of Trujillo was defined, as well as an architectural program based on a general flowchart, which finally determined the direct relationship between the study variable and the architecture, achieving thus, a correct management of flexibility and multifunctionality in their spaces, which is fundamental in the architecture that is being presented

Assessment of total arsenic and arsenic species stability in alga samples and their aqueous extracts

In order to achieve reliable information on speciation analysis, it is necessary to assess previously the species stability in the sample to analyse. Furthermore, in those cases where the sample treatment for species extraction is time-consuming, an assessment of the species integrity in the extracts is of paramount importance. Thus, the present paper reports total arsenic and arsenic species stability in alga samples (Sargassum fulvellum and Hizikia fusiformis), as well as in their aqueous extracts, which were stored in amber glass and polystyrene containers at different temperatures. Total arsenic determination was carried out by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), after sample acid digestion in a microwave oven, while arsenic speciation was conducted by anion exchange high performance liquid chromatography on-line coupled to ICPAES, with and without sample introduction by hydride generation (HPLC-ICP-AES and HPLC-HG-ICP-AES), after aqueous microwave-assisted extraction. The results obtained for solid alga samples showed that total arsenic (for Hijiki alga) and arsenic species present (As(V) for Hijiki and NIES No. 9 Sargasso) are stable for at least 12 months when samples are stored in polystyrene containers at +20 ◦C. On the other hand, a different behaviour was observed in the stability of total arsenic and As(V) species in aqueous extracts for both samples, being the best storage conditions for Sargasso extracts a temperature of −18 ◦C and polystyrene containers, under which they are stable for at least 15 days, while Hijiki extracts must be stored in polystyrene containers at +4 ◦C in order to ensure the stability for 10 days

Determination of toxic arsenic species and arsenosugars in edible seaweed by HPLC-(UV)-HG-AFS

Arsenic is a toxic element widely distributed in the environment, and the estimation of its toxicity requires knowledge of the individual arsenic species present in biological materials. Marine algae contribute substantial amounts of arsenic to the human diet in Asian countries, and nowadays their popularity in western countries is increasing due to their high mineral content and their recognized therapeutic properties1. It is known that marine organisms can accumulate considerable arsenic concentrations, up to ug g"1 level, which may be harmful to human beings. In seaweed, the main arsenic species are usually arsenoribosides (arsenosugars), which are considered to be non-toxic to living organisms and can be present at trace levéis, so analysis techniques of high sensitivity are needed to carry out their determination

Determination of soluble toxic arsenic species in alga samples by microwave-assisted extraction and high performance liquid chromatography-hydride generation-inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy

A microwave-based procedure for arsenic species extraction in alga samples (Sargassum fulvellum, Chlorella vulgaris, Hizikia fusiformis and Laminaria digitata) is described. Extraction time and temperature were tested in order to evaluate the extraction efficiency of the process. Arsenic compounds were extracted in 8 ml of deionised water at 90 °C for 5 min. The process was repeated three times. Soluble arsenic compounds extracted accounted for about 78–98% of total arsenic. The results were compared with those obtained in a previous work, where the extraction process was carried out by ultrasonic focussed probe for 30 s. Speciation studies were carried out by high performance liquid chromatography–hydride generation–inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (HPLC-HG-ICP-AES). The chromatographic method allowed us to separate As(III), As(V), monomethylarsonic acid and dimethylarsinic acid in less than 13 min. The chromatographic analysis of the samples allowed us to identify and quantify As(V) in Hizikia sample and Sargasso material, while the four arsenic species studied were found in Chlorella sample. In the case of Laminaria sample, none of these species was identified by HPLC-HG-ICP-AES. However, in the chromatographic analysis of this alga by HPLC-ICP-AES, an unknown arsenic species was detected

Optimisation of sample treatment for arsenic speciation in alga samples by focussed sonication and ultrafiltration

A procedure for arsenic species fractionation in alga samples (Sargassum fulvellum, Chlorella vulgaris, Hizikia fusiformis and Laminaria digitata) by extraction is described. Several parameters were tested in order to evaluate the extraction efficiency of the process: extraction medium, nature and concentration (tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, phosphoric acid, deionised water and water/methanol mixtures), extraction time and physical treatment (magnetic stirring, ultrasonic bath and ultrasonic focussed probe). The extraction yield of arsenic under the different conditions was evaluated by determining the total arsenic content in the extracts by ICP-AES. Arsenic compounds were extracted in 5 mL of water by focussed sonication for 30 s and subsequent centrifugation at 14,000 × g for 10 min. The process was repeated three times. Extraction studies show that soluble arsenic compounds account for about 65% of total arsenic. An ultrafiltration process was used as a clean-up method for chromatographic analysis, and also allowed us to determine the extracted arsenic fraction with a molecular weight lower than 10 kDa, which accounts for about 100% for all samples analysed. Speciation studies were carried out by HPLC–ICP-AES. Arsenic species were separated on a Hamilton PRP-X100 column with 17 mM phosphate buffer at pH 5.5 and 1.0 mL min−1 flow rate. The chromatographic method allowed us to separate the species As(III), As(V), MMA and DMA in less than 13 min, with detection limits of about 20 ng of arsenic per species, for a sample injection volume of 100 μL. The chromatographic analysis allowed us to identify As(V) in Hizikia (46 ± 2 μg g−1), Sargassum (38 ± 2 μg g−1) and Chlorella (9 ± 1 μg g−1) samples. The species DMA was also found in Chlorella alga (13 ± 1 μg g−1). However, in Laminaria alga only an unknown arsenic species was detected, which eluted in the dead volum

Arsenic speciation in plants by HPLC-(UV)-HG-AFS: Optimisation of the extraction method and application to native plant species from soils polluted by mining activities

Se ha optimizado el método de extracción de especies de arsénico hidrosolubles en muestras de plantas terrestres procedentes de suelos contaminados por actividad minera. La especies extraídas se han determinado mediante HPLC-(UV)-HG-AFS

Application of ultrasound probe sonication for arsenic and heavy metal extraction in soils

Se ha optimizado un método de extracción de arsénico y metales pesados en suelos contaminados procedentes de actividad minera, mediante la aplicación de la sonda de ultrasonidos focalizada

Arsenic and heavy metal uptake and accumulation in native plant species from soils polluted by mining activities

Arsenic and heavy metal (specifically Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) uptake, translocation, and accumulation in ten native plant species spontaneously growing in soils polluted by mining activities were studied, with a focus on future phytoremediation work in polluted soils. Plant and soil samples were collected in the vicinity of the Mónica mine (NW Madrid, Spain). Soil analysis showed the ability of native plants for growing in soils with high concentration levels of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and especially As. From these elements, the highest percentage of extractable elements was found for Cd and the lowest for Pb. A highly significant correlation was observed between total and extractable element concentrations in soils, except for Cu, indicating that total concentration is the most relevant factor for element mobility in these soils. Extractable elements in soils were better correlated with concentrations in plants than total elements in soils; thus, extraction methods applied are suitable to estimate the element phytoavailable fraction in soils, which depends on the plant species and not only on the element mobility in soils. High element concentrations were found in the aboveground parts of Corrigiola telephiifolia (As and Pb), Jasione montana (Cd and Zn), and Digitalis thapsi (As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn). However, considering the translocation and accumulation factors, together with the concentration levels found in roots and aboveground parts, only C. telephiifolia could be considered a Pb accumulator and an As hyperaccumulator plant, which could be used for future phytoremediation work in soils polluted with As

Death receptor 5 expression is inversely correlated with prostate cancer progression.

Prostate carcinoma (PCa) is one of the most common cancers in men. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has been widely used to predict the outcome of PCa and screening with PSA has resulted in a decline in mortality. However, PSA is not an optimal prognostic tool as its sensitivity may be too low to reduce morbidity and mortality. Consequently, there is a demand for additional robust biomarkers for prostate cancer. Death receptor 5 (DR5) has been implicated in the prognosis of several cancers and it has been previously shown that it is negatively regulated by Yin Yang 1 (YY1) in prostate cancer cell lines. The present study investigated the clinical significance of DR5 expression in a prostate cancer patient cohort and its correlation with YY1 expression. Immunohistochemical analysis of protein expression distribution was performed using tissue microarray constructs from 54 primary PCa and 39 prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) specimens. DR5 expression was dramatically reduced as a function of higher tumor grade. By contrast, YY1 expression was elevated in PCa tumors as compared with that in PIN, and was increased with higher tumor grade. DR5 had an inverse correlation with YY1 expression. Bioinformatic analyses corroborated these data. The present findings suggested that DR5 and YY1 expression levels may serve as progression biomarkers for prostate cancer

On Trajectory Design for Intruder Detection in Wireless Mobile Sensor Networks

We address the problem of detecting the invasion of an intruder into a region of interest (ROI) which is monitored by a distributed bandwidth-constrained wireless mobile sensor network (WMSN). We design periodic trajectories for the mobile sensor nodes (MSNs) such that high detection probabilities are obtained while maintaining the MSNs’ energy consumption low. To reduce the transmission and processing burden on the MSNs, we propose an operation algorithm based on two modes, surveying mode and confirmation mode. In the former, to efficiently detect the intruder while using little mechanical energy, we optimize the surveying path such that the sensed area is maximized. During this mode, each MSN performs local detection and switches to the confirmation mode if and only if the intruder is suspected to be present. In the confirmation mode, each MSN collects further measurements over a predefined duration to reduce the detection uncertainly. A binary local hypothesis testing is performed at each MSN and only positive test statistics are transmitted to the FC where the ultimate decision is taken. Simulations results show the merits of the proposed two-mode operation algorithm in terms of detection performance and energy efficiency