Quality control of drinking water in a degraded environment : experience of the french military health medical service

During foreign operations in a degraded environment, field hygiene, and especially that of drinking water, must be perfectly controlled. A new doctrine imposes a single standard for the quality of water, equivalent to that found in France. When on foreign operations, military staff produces drinking water using appropriate equipment, some of which is new and very efficient. To meet the quantitative and qualitative needs of the troops, water is treated using the traditional clarification and disinfection principles, based on a hazard analysis and a multidisciplinary evaluation of the resources available. The quality of the water is checked by the French military health services, in particular by their veterinary surgeons, who have the required technical knowledge and have access to field laboratories, as well as referral laboratories and experts in France.Dans la situation dégradée des opérations extérieures, l'hygiène en campagne, notamment celle liée à l'eau potable, mérite d'être parfaitement maîtrisée. Une nouvelle doctrine impose pour chaque usage une qualité d'eau unique, équivalente à celle proposée en métropole. La production d'eau est mise en oeuvre en opération extérieure par les armées, grâce à des matériels adaptés dont certains sont nouveaux et très performants. Pour répondre aux besoins quantitatifs et qualitatifs des troupes, le traitement de l'eau potable, basé sur les principes classiques de clarification et de désinfection, est choisi après une analyse des dangers et une étude pluridisciplinaire de la qualité de la ressource. Le contrôle est confié au service de santé des armées, en particulier aux vétérinaires qui disposent, pour assurer cette mission cruciale, d'une formation technique, de laboratoires de terrain, de laboratoires et d'experts référents en métropole

Design and development of 100% bio-based high-grade hemp/epoxy composites

In order to develop 100% bio-based high-grade epoxy composites, in this study, bio-based epoxy thermosets and hemp slivers are processed and characterized by different technologies. Epoxy resins are synthesized from the diglycidylether of Eugenol, extracted from cloves. They are cured with bio-based acid anhydrides. The physicochemical properties of the resulting epoxy resins are characterized using thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and nanoindentation. The mechanical properties of hemp fibres extracted from the slivers are also determined using tensile tests. After their processing and characterization, these bio-based constituents are then used to manufacture unidirectional composites by thermocompression. Composite specimens are tested under 3-points bending. Preliminary results show a stiffness of about 9 GPa and a strength of approximately 170 MPa for a fibres volume fraction of 22%. These mechanical properties are promising since they make this material competitive to substitute petroleum-based composites in secondary structural applications

Development of Novel Flame-Retardant Polymers Based on Eugenol or Isogenol

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Development of Novel Flame Retardant Polymers Based on Eugenol (Chap. 8)

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Development of Novel Flame-Retardant Polymers Based on Eugenol or Isogenol

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Crystal structure of the monoglycidyl ether of isoeugenol

International audienceThe title compound, C 13 H 16 O 3 [ GE-isoEu ; systematic name: 2-({2-methoxy-4-[( E )-1-propen-1-yl]phenoxy}methyl)oxirane], which crystallizes in the triclinic P \overline{1} space group, was synthesized in one step from iso- eugenol, a bio-based phenylpropanoid, with an excess of epichlorohydrin. Colourless prismatic crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction were obtained from a mixture of ethyl acetate and cyclohexane, during purification by column chromatography on silica gel. GE-isoEu , which corresponds to the trans isomer of the monoglycidyl ether of iso- eugenol, is based on a 1,2,4-trisubstituted benzene ring by diglycidyl ether, methoxy and 1-( E )-propenyl groups, respectively. In the crystal, molecules are organized through offset π -stacking interactions. Chemically, GE-isoEu constitutes an intermediate in the synthesis protocol of 2-[3-methoxy-4-(2-oxiranylmethoxy)phenyl]-3-methyloxirane ( GEEp-isoEu ), a diepoxydized monomer used in the manufacturing of thermosetting resins and intended for the elaboration of bio-composites

New Eco-Friendly Synthesized Thermosets from Isoeugenol-Based Epoxy Resins

International audienceEpoxy resin plays a key role in composite matrices and DGEBA is the major precursor used. With the aim of favouring the use of bio resources, epoxy resins can be prepared from lignin. In particular, diglycidyl ether of isoeugenol derivatives are good candidates for the replacement of DGEBA. This article presents an effective and eco-friendly way to prepare epoxy resin derived from isoeugenol (BioIgenox), making its upscale possible. BioIgenox has been totally characterized by NMR, FTIR, MS and elemental analyses. Curing of BioIgenox and camphoric anhydride with varying epoxide function/anhydride molar ratios has allowed determining an optimum ratio near 1/0.9 based on DMA and DSC analyses and swelling behaviours. This thermoset exhibits a Tg measured by DMA of 165 • C, a tensile storage modulus at 40 • C of 2.2 GPa and mean 3-point bending stiffness, strength and strain at failure of 3.2 GPa, 120 MPa and 6.6%, respectively. Transposed to BioIgenox/hexahydrophtalic anhydride, this optimized formulation gives a thermoset with a Tg determined by DMA of 140 • C and a storage modulus at 40 • C of 2.6 GPa. The thermal and mechanical properties of these two thermosets are consistent with their use as matrices for structural or semi-structural composites

Biomass-derived phenylpropenes as precursors of thermosetting epoxy resins : from synthesis to materials

International audienceAs demonstrated by the current international awareness, and supported by several independent studies, the replacement of fossil fuels and the need to find competitive alternatives are crucial issues to reduce global warming, and to limit the consequences for life on Earth [1]. As part of this challenge, the biomass and molecules from the living can be considered as providential pools of renewable building blocks dedicated to the chemistry of the future. This is particularly true in polymer science, where the use of renewable resources for the synthesis of fully or partially biobased materials arouses a great deal of interest, in academia and industry [2]

Synthesis of polybutadiene-polycaprolactone multi-blokcs based on hydroxyl telechelic polybutadiene. Composition and kinetic study

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The plant resistance inducer β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) induces an iron deficiency response in A. thaliana

National audienceβ-aminobutyric acid (BABA) is a well-known plant resistance inducer. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its effects are poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated whether BABA could act through the modification of iron homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Supporting this assumption, we obtained first evidences that BABA chelates iron with high affinity. We showed that pre-treatment of plants with BABA induced a drastic but transient iron deficiency response. Quantification of iron indicated that this response is related to the perturbation of iron distribution/availability rather than a reduction of iron assimilation. Finally, we provided evidence that the iron deficiency response triggered by BABA could be one of the determinants of its protective effects against Botrytis cinerea