Cultura material y migrantes peruanos en Chile: un proceso de integración desde el hogar

El presente artículo busca profundizar las formas en que migrantes peruanos en Chile habitan su espacio privado desde una perspectiva de cultura material, a través del análisis de las posesiones del hogar y la comida. La cultura material del hogar encarna tanto su experiencia y trayectoria migratoria como el proceso de integración en la sociedad chilena, representando el continuo proceso de ajuste que deben enfrentar en términos culturales, sociales y materiales. Los resultados muestran que las formas de habitar y apropiarse del hogar están relacionadas con los procesos de integración, pues a través de la cultura material se negocia cotidianamente la pertenencia entre dos mundos, el de origen y destino, generando la ambivalencia de estar aquí y allá simultáneamente. Sus hogares se convierten en transnacionales, donde emerge un sincretismo cultural entre ambos mundos que cohabitan: Perú se refleja en la fotografía y la comida, que permite reactualizar su pertenencia e identidad originaria, y Chile es representado por objetos tecnológicos, que materializan su trabajo sacrificado y coraje, y les permite sentirse parte de la sociedad de destino.Este artigo visa aprofundar as maneiras pelas quais os imigrantes peruanos no Chile, vivem seu espaço privado a partir da perspectiva da cultura material através da análise de seus objetos domésticos e alimentos. A cultura material doméstica encarna tanto a sua experiência e trajetória migratória como o processo de integração na sociedade chilena, que representa o processo contínuo de adaptação enfrentados no material, cultural e social. Os resultados mostram que as formas de habitar e apropiar-se do lar estão relacionados com o processo de integração, porque através da cultura material é negociada diáriamente a adesão entre dois mundos, a origem e destino, gerando ambivalência de ser, aqui e ali simultaneamente. Suas casas se tornar transnacional, onde surge um sincretismo cultural entre os dois mundos que coexistem: Peru é refletido em fotografia e comida, que permete treinar a sua pertença e identidade original, e Chile é representado por objetos tecnológicos, que encarnam o seu trabalho e sacrifício e coragem, e permite que eles se sintam parte da sociedade de acolhimento.This article attempts to analyze in depth the ways in which Peruvian migrants inhabit their private space from a material culture approach, through the analysis of both home possessions and food. The material culture of the home embodiesboth their experiences and migrant trajectory, and the process of integration into the host society, representing the continuum process of adjustment that they face in cultural, social and material terms. The results show that they ways in which migrants inhabit their homes are related to the process of of settling down, since through the material culture, the belonging to their two worlds, the one they came from and the one they settled into, is daily negotiated,generating the ambivalence of being here and there simultaneously. Their homes become transnational, where emerges a cultural syncretism between two worlds that coexists: Peru is symbolized by the photography and the food, both of which allow a reactualization of their belonging and cultural identity, and Chile is represented by technological artifacts, which embody their sacrificinglabour and courage, and allow them to feel part of the host society

Social cohesion and attitudinal changes toward migration: A longitudinal perspective amid the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted social interactions and coexistence around the globe in dimensions that go far beyond health issues. In the case of the Global South, the pandemic has developed along with growing South-South migratory movements, becoming another key factor that might reinforce social conflict in increasingly multicultural areas as migrants have historically served as “scapegoats” for unexpected crises as a way to control and manage diversity. Chile is one of the main destination countries for migrants from the Latin American and Caribbean region, and COVID-19 outbreaks in migrant housing have intensified discrimination. In such a context, there is a need for understanding how the pandemic has potentially changed the way non-migrants perceive and interact with migrant neighbors. Drawing on the national social cohesion panel survey study ELSOC (2016–2021, N = 2,927) the aim is to analyze the changes in non-migrants' attitudes toward migrants—related to dimensions of social cohesion—over the last years and their relation with individual status and territorial factors. We argue that social cohesion in increasingly multicultural societies is partially threatened in times of crisis. The results indicate that after the pandemic, convivial attitudes toward Latin American migrants decreased. Chileans started perceiving them more negatively, particularly those respondents with lower educational levels and who live in increasingly multicultural neighborhoods with higher rates of migrant residents

Objetos que trascienden fronteras: Materializando las experiencias migratorias de exilio y retorno

Basado en entrevistas etnográficas a cuatro mujeres chilenas que vivieron su exilio en Londres (de las cuales dos decidieron retornar), este estudio revela cómo a través de la posesión de objetos significativos en el hogar ¿que transportaron junto a ellas y/o adquirieron durante el exilio¿ se negocian cotidianamente la pertenencia a dos mundos, el de origen y destino, e incluso más allá de ellos, reconfigurando sus identidades. Desde un enfoque de cultura material, sostengo que las posesiones significativas del hogar se transforman en patrimonios culturales tangibles de sus experiencias migratorias, por su capacidad de movilizar y transportar memorias y elementos culturales con los cuales se identifican. A su vez, permiten la apropiación de sus espacios privados, ya que estos objetos median cotidianamente sus relaciones con la ciudad de destino y origen, materializando sus memorias e identidades. Este capítulo contribuye a comprender cómo migrantes, a través de los objetos que se despliegan o se invisibilizan en sus hogares, han convertido una experiencia de desarraigo en múltiples formas de pertenecer.Área de Historia del Arte, UPOVersión del edito

Making ‘Race’ at the Urban Margins: Latin American and Caribbean Migration in Multicultural Chile

This thesis explores how ‘race’ is made at the national and local level in multicultural postcolonial Chile. Furthermore, it examines how Latin American and Caribbean migrants negotiate both state and everyday racisms, navigating boundaries of belonging at the urban margins. Racist state politics have not only been embedded since colonial times and the foundations of the Chilean nation-state by the systematic denial of the presence and rights of Afro-Chileans and indigenous communities, but are reinforced by immigration policies that have created exclusionary boundaries against the colonial ‘non-white’ ‘other,’ especially Afro-descendants. Drawing on a 17-month ethnography, 70 in-depth interviews and two focus groups with migrants and Chileans between 2015 and 2018, this thesis deconstructs contemporary racism in Latin America amid growing South-South migration, uncovering multiple interplaying factors. I show how immigration policies have impacted migrants’ lives, ranking them into racial hierarchies of belonging that are reproduced and materialised in the neighbourhood, even reinforcing everyday racisms. It reveals that contemporary racism emerges from a complex entanglement between ‘old racisms’ of biological heredity and cultural racisms. Foremost, it exposes how racism and the process of ‘othering’ operates at different levels across society. Both Chileans and migrants redefine their ‘racial’ identities and constantly assert their ‘whiteness’ in different ways. Racial formations and colonial representations of ‘indigeneity’ and ‘African-ness’ are redefined and racisms are reproduced in new instantiations amid the struggle for resources. This thesis contributes empirically and theoretically to migration, racial, and de- and post-colonial studies in Latin America, transcending both the nationally-bounded and biologically-grounded ideas on how racism operates. While Chileans produce difference to assert a superior status by making migrants feel like ‘space invaders,’ migrants, especially former migrants, produce difference to navigate racisms and claim their ‘right to the city’ amidst social exclusion. This ethnography unveils the most challenging aspect of multiculturalism

Making ‘Race’ at the Urban Margins: Latin American and Caribbean Migration in Multicultural Chile

This thesis explores how ‘race’ is made at the national and local level in multicultural postcolonial Chile. Furthermore, it examines how Latin American and Caribbean migrants negotiate both state and everyday racisms, navigating boundaries of belonging at the urban margins. Racist state politics have not only been embedded since colonial times and the foundations of the Chilean nation-state by the systematic denial of the presence and rights of Afro-Chileans and indigenous communities, but are reinforced by immigration policies that have created exclusionary boundaries against the colonial ‘non-white’ ‘other,’ especially Afro-descendants. Drawing on a 17-month ethnography, 70 in-depth interviews and two focus groups with migrants and Chileans between 2015 and 2018, this thesis deconstructs contemporary racism in Latin America amid growing South-South migration, uncovering multiple interplaying factors. I show how immigration policies have impacted migrants’ lives, ranking them into racial hierarchies of belonging that are reproduced and materialised in the neighbourhood, even reinforcing everyday racisms. It reveals that contemporary racism emerges from a complex entanglement between ‘old racisms’ of biological heredity and cultural racisms. Foremost, it exposes how racism and the process of ‘othering’ operates at different levels across society. Both Chileans and migrants redefine their ‘racial’ identities and constantly assert their ‘whiteness’ in different ways. Racial formations and colonial representations of ‘indigeneity’ and ‘African-ness’ are redefined and racisms are reproduced in new instantiations amid the struggle for resources. This thesis contributes empirically and theoretically to migration, racial, and de- and post-colonial studies in Latin America, transcending both the nationally-bounded and biologically-grounded ideas on how racism operates. While Chileans produce difference to assert a superior status by making migrants feel like ‘space invaders,’ migrants, especially former migrants, produce difference to navigate racisms and claim their ‘right to the city’ amidst social exclusion. This ethnography unveils the most challenging aspect of multiculturalism

Una vida en Chile y seguir siendo extranjeros / A lifetime living in Chile yet still a foreigner

Han pasado cerca de 20 años desde que comenzó a modificarse el patrón migratorio en Chile, y durante ese tiempo los y las migrantes han ido construyendo múltiples trayectorias en el país. La forma en cómo se construyen estas trayectorias está condicionada porfactores económicos, políticos y culturales que encuentran los sujetos en las sociedades de destino y de origen. A su vez, estas trayectorias dan cuenta de procesos disímiles de inserción en las sociedades. En este artículo exploramos cómo se construyen y experimentan los procesos de inserción de mujeres migrantes en Chile. A través de sus trayectorias y relatos de vida, sostenemos que los procesos de inserción tienden a estar marcados por una dimensión que adquiere mayor protagonismo y que contribuye a dar sentido a la experiencia migratoria. El trabajo, la familia y las redes sociales son las dimensiones que articulan estas distintas trayectorias, las cuales serán analizadas en este artícul

Migración internacional y precariedad laboral. El caso de la industria de la construcción en Chile

Resumen La industria de la construcción ha experimentado en las últimas décadas importantes cambios a nivel de gestión del trabajo, condiciones laborales y composición de la fuerza de trabajo, destacando la creciente participación de trabajadores migrantes. El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar la relación entre la subcontratación en cuanto modelo de gestión, las condiciones laborales que devienen del tipo de contrato usualmente utilizado y la presencia de migrantes en las obras. Sostendremos que estos tres elementos, están estrechamente vinculados entre sí, determinando altos grados de precariedad en quienes trabajan en los últimos eslabones de la cadena de subcontratación. A partir de una metodología cualitativa basada en entrevistas realizadas en Santiago, Iquique y Antofagasta y observaciones participantes en obras en Santiago, este estudio revela que existe una relación entre la precariedad en las condiciones laborales y la creciente inclusión de trabajadores migrantes, cuya vulnerabilidad resulta conveniente para este modelo económico

The gig economy in Chile: Examining labor conditions and the nature of gig work in a Global South country

While there is growing literature regarding the impact of the gig economy in countries of the Global North, the way it operates in Latin America and the Caribbean remains underexplored. This article describes platform work in Chile, especially in the context of COVID-19, which has highlighted the essential role of geographically tethered digital platforms in facilitating essential goods and services in times of social distancing and quarantine. While the gig economy has provided employment for those outside traditional labor markets, its supposedly ‘collaborative’ employment structures obscure the different costs of precarity and informality transferred from platforms to workers (Ravenelle, 2019). Based on 35 interviews with gig workers using the Fairwork framework to evaluate working conditions in the gig economy, this article examines digital labor relations, both on paper and in reality; the conditions and limitations gig workers face daily; and their perceptions regarding such platforms. We discuss the contradictory experiences felt by platform workers, dependent on the platform in some ways, and independent in others. We argue that the inherently contradictory conditions and circumstances of platform work have become even more salient for gig workers in the context of COVID-19: risks increasingly fall on workers as platforms continue to stress their ‘choice’ to do so. This article reveals that the nature of the linkage between platform and worker is eminently a labor relationship, with clearly established elements of worker dependence