50 Years of Bong-Han Theory and 10 Years of Primo Vascular System

The primo vascular system (PVS) was first introduced by Bong-Han Kim via his five research reports. Among these the third report was most extensive and conclusive in terms of the PVS anatomy and physiology relating to the acupuncture meridians. His study results, unfortunately, were not reproduced by other scientists because he did not describe the materials and methods in detail. In 2002, a research team in Seoul National University reinitiated the PVS research, confirmed the existence of PVS in various organs, and discovered new characteristics of PVS. Two important examples are as follows: PVS was found in the adipose tissue and around cancer tissues. In parallel to these new findings, new methods for observing and identifying PVS were developed. Studies on the cell and material content inside the PVS, including the immune function cells and stem cells, are being progressed. In this review, Bong-Han Kim’s study results in his third report are summarized, and the new results after him are briefly reviewed. In the last section, the obstacles in finding the PVS in the skin as an anatomical structure of acupuncture meridian are discussed

Theoretical and Experimental Study of the Biefeld Brown Effect

By applying high voltage to an asymmetric capacitor, a thrust is created in the direction from the cathode to anode electrodes of the capacitor. Because of the high voltages, the anode ionizes the dielectric medium (air) and creates an “ion wind” by repelling the positively charged ions toward the cathode. This thrust is a result of the law of conservation of momentum. The application to this thrust has been observed in popular media as a levitating device (craft) but its full applications are still unknown and limited to lightweight crafts. In order to uncover its potential applications, this Honors Thesis built 47 lightweight crafts and tested them with an Ion Power Supply (GR8) that ranged its voltage from 20 kV to 30 kV. From the 47 crafts, the Quadrangle, Q2, which is a 30 x 30 cm2 square shaped craft, was the ideal craft. A variable payload measured to observe the relationship between the current supplied by the Power Supply and the weight of the craft

Primo-Vascular System as Presented by Bong Han Kim

In the 1960s Bong Han Kim discovered and characterized a new vascular system. He was able to differentiate it clearly from vascular blood and lymph systems by the use of a variety of methods, which were available to him in the mid-20th century. He gave detailed characterization of the system and created comprehensive diagrams and photographs in his publications. He demonstrated that this system is composed of nodes and vessels, and it was responsible for tissue regeneration. However, he did not disclose in detail his methods. Consequently, his results are relatively obscure from the vantage point of contemporary scientists. The stains that Kim used had been perfected and had been in use for more than 100 years. Therefore, the names of the stains were directed to the explicit protocols for the usage with the particular cells or molecules. Traditionally, it was not normally necessary to describe the method used unless it is significantly deviated from the original method. In this present work, we have been able to disclose staining methods used by Kim

토끼 복부 내벽으로부터 분리된 경락으로 믿어지는 관조직

Investigation of meridian line and acupoints as anatomical entities should be very important, as acupuncture and meridian massage for medical purpose in the hospital or for skin care in beauty shop are each based on the traditional meridian theory. We isolated tubular structures under the skin of rabbits where the traditional meridian lines are located. The characteristics of these tubular structures isolated from the abdominal wall matches those of Bonghan tubes and Bonghan tubules found by Bong Han Kim. The Bonghan theory established by Bong Han Kim suggests that meridian lines consist of Bonghan tubes and Bonghan tubules. We could observe the presence of large cells inside the Bonghan tubule and the presence of small granules referred to as Sanal in Bonghan theory inside the striae consisting of the Bonghan tubules. Present research suggests that there exist a third unique tubular structure where Sanals flow other than Bonghan tube and Bonghan tubules.ope

ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE FINANCIAL CRISIS ON THE KOREAN FARM AND NON-FARM SECTORS

The objective of this study is to construct a macroeconomic model emphasizing agriculture and analyze the economic impacts of the financial crisis on the Korean farm and non-farm sectors. The simulation results show that financial shocks have great impacts on general economy and change the resource allocation within and between farm and non-farm sectors.Financial Crisis, Macroeconomic Model, Agricultural Finance, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods,

Use of Magnetic Nanoparticles to Visualize Threadlike Structures Inside Lymphatic Vessels of Rats

A novel application of fluorescent magnetic nanoparticles was made to visualize a new tissue which had not been detectable by using simple stereomicroscopes. This unfamiliar threadlike structure inside the lymphatic vessels of rats was demonstrated in vivo by injecting nanoparticles into lymph nodes and applying magnetic fields on the collecting lymph vessels so that the nanoparticles were taken up by the threadlike structures. Confocal laser scanning microscope images of cryosectioned specimens exhibited that the nanoparticles were absorbed more strongly by the threadlike structure than by the lymphatic vessels. Further examination using a transmission electron microscope revealed that the nanoparticles had been captured between the reticular fibers in the extracellular matrix of the threadlike structures. The emerging technology of nanoparticles not only allows the extremely elusive threadlike structures to be visualized but also is expected to provide a magnetically controllable means to investigate their physiological functions

A variant acute promyelocytic leukemia with t(11;17) (q23;q12); ZBTB16-RARA showing typical morphology of classical acute promyelocytic leukemia

A subgroup of acute leukemia with morphology resembling acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) shows variant translocations involving RARA and has a different morphology from that of classical APL. The variant APL with t(11;17)(q23;q12); ZBTB16-RARA subgroup has been reported to have leukemic cells with regular nuclei, many granules, absence of Auer rods, an increased number of Pelgeroid neutrophils, strong myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and all-trans-retinoic-acid (ATRA) resistance. Here, we report a case of variant APL with t(11;17)(q23;q12); ZBTB16-RARA showing typical morphological features of classical APL, including numerous Auer rods and faggot cells. The leukemic cells expressed CD13, CD33, CD117, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR, and cytoplasmic-MPO on the immunophenotyping study. The diagnosis was confirmed by cytogenetic and molecular studies. To distinguish variant APL cases from classical APL cases, regardless of whether morphologically the findings are consistent with those of classical APL, combining morphologic, immunophenotypic, cytogenetic, and molecular studies before chemotherapy is very important

Chinese Medicine: an Effective Alternative for Physical Therapists

Acupressure is a technique that has been used for thousands of years in China, and has gained popularity in the United States since the 1960\u27s. Research shows a high correlation between trigger points and acupuncture points, though discovered independently and labeled differently, the same phenomenon of can be explained by the same neural mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to provide an overview of Chinese medicine and its use in physical therapy. First, a literature review consisting of a brief history of Chinese medicine and traditional Western medicine is compared. Next, the results of a survey distributed to 47 graduate physical therapy schools in 47 different states is discussed. The survey questions ask each school about their curriculum and attitudes toward Chinese medicine. It is through the knowledge of basic Chinese medicine concepts and methods, that therapists will become more aware of these alternative treatments, in hopes to improve patient care