32 research outputs found
Expression of Catenin family members CTNNA1, CTNNA2, CTNNB1 and JUP in the primate prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
Members of the catenin family of proteins are thought to play a major role in the folding and lamination of the cerebral cortex. We have used in situ hybridization to determine the cellular expression patterns of four members of this family, Alpha-E-, Alpha-N-, Beta-, and Gamma-catenins (CTNNA1, CTNNA2, CTNNB1, and JUP respectively) in the adult primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and hippocampus. CTNNA2, CTNNB1, and JUP mRNAs were detected in all layers of the DLPFC and in all neuronal subregions of the hippocampal formation, however CTNNA1 mRNA, coding for an ‘epithelial’ specific catenin, was not detected in any region of the cortex or hippocampus. CTNNA2, a ‘neuronal-specific’ catenin, and CTNNB1 mRNAs were abundant in both DLPFC and hippocampus, with a distinct neuronal localization. CTNNA2 mRNA was concentrated in both granular/stellate cells and large pyramidal cell bodies, while CTNNB1 expression was more strongly associated with granular cell bodies throughout the DLPFC, with expression in pyramidal cells confined mainly to cortical Layers III and VI. CTNNA2 and CTNNB1 mRNAs were also abundant in the granule cells of the dentate gyrus and pyramidal cells of Ammon's horn, apparently co-expressed in the same neurons. JUP mRNA was rather diffusely localized in the DLPFC without the distinct laminar patterns seen for CTNNA2 and CTNNB1 but was distinctly localized in the granule cells of the dentate gyrus and pyramidal cells of Ammon's horn. These studies demonstrate a distinct neuronal pattern of gene expression for catenin family members in primate brain structures characterized by high degrees of folding and strong lamination. The high level expression of these transcripts supports the notion of a major role for catenins even in the adult brain. Such an understanding is also important in view of the multiple interactions that catenins have with many other proteins in the adult and ageing brain. This may also have implications for understanding the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, as well as emerging neuronal stem cell therapies
The insulin-like growth factor system : a key determinant role in the growth and selection of ovarian follicles? A comparative species study
International audienc
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 expression parallels luteinizing hormone receptor expression and follicular luteinization in the primate ovary
International audienc
Estradiol alters transcription factor gene expression in primate prefrontal cortex
Estrogen protects neurons from a variety of experimental insults in vitro, and is thought to protect from acute and chronic neurodegenerative processes in vivo. Estrogen also enhances higher-level cognitive functions thatare centered in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in human and non-human primates. To investigate genomic mechanisms involved in estrogenic effects on the primate brain in vivo, we compared transcription factor mRNA and protein expression in the DLPFC of ovariectomized rhesus monkeys treated with either vehicle or estradiol (E2). c-FOS, E2F1, and general transcription factor IIB (TFIIB) mRNA and protein expression were altered significantly by short-term E2 treatment, as shown by DNA array, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemical and immunoblot evaluations. c-FOS expression was increased significantly whereas E2F1 and TFIIB levels were decreased in the DLPFC of E2-treated animals. These transcription factors were concentrated in cortical pyramids, as were estrogen receptors α and β. These data indicate that estrogen may have direct as well as indirect effects on neuronal gene expression in the primate prefrontal cortex
Glucose transport and metabolism in chondrocytes: a key to understanding chondrogenesis, skeletal development and cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis
Despite the recognition that degenerative
cartilage disorders like osteoarthritis (OA) and
osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) may have nutritional
abnormalities at the root of their pathogenesis, balanced
dietary supplementation programs have played a
secondary role in their management. This review
emphasizes the importance and role of nutritional factors
such as glucose and glucose-derived sugars (i.e.
glucosamine sulfate and vitamin C) in the development,
maintenance, repair, and remodeling of cartilage.
Chondrocytes, the cells of cartilage, consume glucose as
a primary substrate for ATP production in glycolysis and
utilize glucosamine sulfate and other sulfated sugars as
structural components for extracellular matrix synthesis
and are dependant on hexose uptake and delivery to
metabolic and biosynthetic pools. Data from several
laboratories suggests that chondrocytes express multiple
isoforms of the GLUT/SLC2A family of glucose/polyol
transporters. These facilitative glucose transporter
proteins are expressed in a tissue and cell-specific
manner, exhibit distinct kinetic properties, and are
developmentally regulated. They may also be regulated
by endocrine factors like insulin and insulin-like growth
factor I (IGF-I) and cytokines such as interleukin 1 beta
(IL-1ß) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a).
Recent studies suggest that degeneration of cartilage
may be triggered by metabolic disorders of glucose
balance and that OA occurs coincident with metabolic
disease, endocrine dysfunction and diabetes mellitus.
Based on these metabolic, endocrine and developmental considerations we present a novel hypothesis regarding
the role of glucose transport and metabolism in cartilage
physiology and pathophysiology and speculate that
supplementation with sugar-derived vitamins and
nutraceuticals may benefit patients with degenerative
joint disorders
Embeddings of m-cycle systems and incomplete m-cycle systems: m<=14
In this paper we completely settle the embedding problem for m-cycle systems with m less than or equal to 14. We also solve the more general problem of finding m-cycle systems of K-v - K-u when m is an element of {4,6,7,8,10,12,14}