243 research outputs found
A study of the rates of heat transfer and bubble site density for nucleate boiling on an inclined heating surface
Scaling exponents for fracture surfaces in homogenous glass and glassy ceramics
We investigate the scaling properties of post-mortem fracture surfaces in
silica glass and glassy ceramics. In both cases, the 2D height-height
correlation function is found to obey Family-Viseck scaling properties, but
with two sets of critical exponents, in particular a roughness exponent
in homogeneous glass and in glassy
ceramics. The ranges of length-scales over which these two scalings are
observed are shown to be below and above the size of process zone respectively.
A model derived from Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) in the
quasistatic approximation succeeds to reproduce the scaling exponents observed
in glassy ceramics. The critical exponents observed in homogeneous glass are
conjectured to reflect damage screening occurring for length-scales below the
size of the process zone
Block to granular-like transition in dense bubble flows
We have experimentally investigated 2-dimensional dense bubble flows
underneath inclined planes. Velocity profiles and velocity fluctuations have
been measured. A broad second-order phase transition between two dynamical
regimes is observed as a function of the tilt angle . For low
values, a block motion is observed. For high values, the velocity
profile becomes curved and a shear velocity gradient appears in the flow.Comment: Europhys. Lett. (2003) in pres
Two-dimensional scaling properties of experimental fracture surfaces
The morphology of fracture surfaces encodes the various complex damage and
fracture processes occurring at the microstructure scale that have lead to the
failure of a given heterogeneous material. Understanding how to decipher this
morphology is therefore of fundamental interest. This has been extensively
investigated over these two last decades. It has been established that 1D
profiles of these fracture surfaces exhibit properties of scaling invariance.
In this paper, we present deeper analysis and investigate the 2D scaling
properties of these fracture surfaces. We showed that the properties of scaling
invariance are anisotropic and evidenced the existence of two peculiar
directions on the post-mortem fracture surface caracterized by two different
scaling exponents: the direction of the crack growth and the direction of the
crack front. These two exponents were found to be universal, independent of the
crack growth velocity, in both silica glass and aluminum alloy, archetype of
brittle and ductile material respectively. Moreover, the 2D structure function
that fully characterizes the scaling properties of the fracture surface was
shown to take a peculiar form similar to the one predicted by some models
issued from out-of-equilibrium statistical physics. This suggest some promising
analogies between dynamic phase transition models and the stability of a crack
front pinned/unpinned by the heterogenities of the material.Comment: 4 page
Some aspects of electrical conduction in granular systems of various dimensions
We report on measurements of the electrical conductivity in both a 2D
triangular lattice of metallic beads and in a chain of beads. The
voltage/current characteristics are qualitatively similar in both experiments.
At low applied current, the voltage is found to increase logarithmically in a
good agreement with a model of widely distributed resistances in series. At
high enough current, the voltage saturates due to the local welding of
microcontacts between beads. The frequency dependence of the saturation voltage
gives an estimate of the size of these welded microcontacts. The DC value of
the saturation voltage (~ 0.4 V per contact) gives an indirect measure of the
number of welded contact carrying the current within the 2D lattice. Also, a
new measurement technique provides a map of the current paths within the 2D
lattice of beads. For an isotropic compression of the 2D granular medium, the
current paths are localized in few discrete linear paths. This
quasi-onedimensional nature of the electrical conductivity thus explains the
similarity between the characteristics in the 1D and 2D systems.Comment: To be published in The European Physical Journal
Morphology of two dimensional fracture surface
We consider the morphology of two dimensional cracks observed in experimental
results obtained from paper samples and compare these results with the
numerical simulations of the random fuse model (RFM). We demonstrate that the
data obey multiscaling at small scales but cross over to self-affine scaling at
larger scales. Next, we show that the roughness exponent of the random fuse
model is recovered by a simpler model that produces a connected crack, while a
directed crack yields a different result, close to a random walk. We discuss
the multiscaling behavior of all these models.Comment: slightly revise
Effect of the position of the antenna on the reading efficiency of different types of electronic identification devices in cattle in Argentina
Animal identification by means of radiofrequency devices allows to capture and transfer data automatically eliminating errors. The system is composed of an electronic identifier device, which has a microchip with a numerical code, unique and unrepeatable, that must be placed in the body of the animals to be read from a distance and a fixed reader with an antenna, which is placed in the catwalk, emits a radiofrequency wave and captures the response of the identifier. The efficiency of the reading of the different types of identifiers and in the different categories of animals depends on the positioning of the antenna, constituting a critical point to optimize the results of the system. The objective of the work was to determine the reading efficiency of different positions of the fixed antenna with respect to electronic identifiers of ruminal bolus and auricular button in adult Angus cows. 116 Angus cows, frame 3 with an average weight of 420 Kg, were used, 20 with intraruminal bolus type and 96 with auricular button type identifiers. There were 196 dynamic readings (bolus, n = 100 and button, n = 96) with the animals in a movement when they passed through the sleeve. A fixed reader (EditID Reader®, NZ) was used with an antenna 87 cm high x 65 cm wide x 2.5 cm thick placed in 3 positions defined by the orientation and height from the ground to the upper edge of the antenna: P1 = vertical at 132 cm from the ground, P2 = vertical at 148 cm from the ground, P3 = horizontal, at 130 cm from the ground. The reading efficiency was defined as: transponders read on the number of readable transponders * 100. The results were for P1: 99.48%, P2: 84.69%, P3: 56.12%, all being significantly different. The differences were especially due to the reading efficiency of ruminal bolus type identifiers
Fracture of glassy materials as detected by real-time Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) experiments
We have studied the low speed fracture regime for different glassy materials
with variable but controlled length scales of heterogeneity in a carefully
mastered surrounding atmosphere. By using optical and atomic force (AFM)
microscopy techniques we tracked in real-time the crack tip propagation at the
nanometer scale on a wide velocity range (1 mm/s and 0.1 nm/s and below). The
influence of the heterogeneities on this velocity is presented and discussed.
Our experiments revealed also -for the first time- that the crack advance
proceeds through nucleation, growth and coalescence of nanometric damage
cavities inside the amorphous phase, which generate large velocity
fluctuations. The implications of the existence of such a nano-ductile fracture
mode in glass are discussed.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, submitted to Applied surface Scienc
Introducing a novel online observation of parenting behavior: reliability and validation
Objective. Observations of parents with their children are important for better understanding the critical role that parents play in their children’s adjustment, but resource limitations commonly compromise assessment. A novel online observation tool, Etch-a-Sketch Online (ESO), is introduced that allows resource-efficient observations in the family home. Design. Study 1 was a preliminary, cross-sectional study of 20 mothers with their singleton children (M = 5.96 years). Mothers were observed using both ESO (recorded via Skype) and a traditional Etch-a Sketch task recorded during a home-visit; mothers’ positive and negative parenting was coded from these observations. Study 2 was a longitudinal study of 119 mothers and their young twins. Mothers’ ESO-observed positive parenting and negative parenting at Time 1 (M = 5.51 years) were examined as predictors of children’s disruptive behavior at Time 2 (M = 6.04 years) controlling for mothers’ Time 2 self-reported positive and negative parenting. Results. Study 1 provided preliminary evidence of inter-rater reliability and convergent validity of ESO-observations. Study 2 supported this evidence of inter-rater reliability and ESO’s convergent validity as well as providing predictive validity. ESO-observed parenting at Time 1 was associated with children’s disruptive behavior at Time 2, over and above concurrent maternal reports of their own parenting. Conclusions. ESO shows promise in providing the means for detailed assessment of parenting processes in the home
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