Fortistis: Split extension in dense passive optical networks by inline amplification with remote ASE-shaped pump delivery via colorless optical network units

A method for extending the customer density via ASE-pumped splitters in the tree in a WDM/TDM-PON is presented. The influence of Rayleigh backscattering in the feeder is faced, originally prohibiting any upstream transmission.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Energy-efficient optical access networks supported by a noise-powered extender box

A method for energy-efficient amplification by reutilization of optical noise as pumping power in access networks with extended loss budget is presented. The amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) of an optical amplifier at the customer premises is thereby reshaped and reused as a natural pump source for Erbium-doped fibers (EDF) inside the signal distribution elements of an access network. This increases the number of served customers and enables also transmission at no extra cost, by just recycling optical noise. Three scenarios, which differ in the design of the optical network unit (ONU), are evaluated and show that up to 4000 users can be served in passive optical networks with adequate signal quality for certain configurations of the ONU. Typical transmission constraints due to the use of cost-effective reflective ONUs, such as Rayleigh backscattering effects, are reduced due to the introduction of a distributed amplification scheme. Besides, full-duplex 10 Gb/s transmission on a single wavelength with simultaneous EDF pump generation is demonstrated with low-cost ONUs, based on reflective semiconductor optical amplifiers. A comparison with traditional amplification techniques is given, and the relationship between the different power consumption for the pump delivery is discussed

Fortistis: Split extension in dense passive optical networks by inline amplification with remote ASE-shaped pump delivery via colorless optical network units

A method for extending the customer density via ASE-pumped splitters in the tree in a WDM/TDM-PON is presented. The influence of Rayleigh backscattering in the feeder is faced, originally prohibiting any upstream transmission.Peer Reviewe

Fortistis: Split extension in dense passive optical networks by inline amplification with remote ASE-shaped pump delivery via colorless optical network units

A method for extending the customer density via ASE-pumped splitters in the tree in a WDM/TDM-PON is presented. The influence of Rayleigh backscattering in the feeder is faced, originally prohibiting any upstream transmission.Peer Reviewe

Elastic Asymmetry of PLA Material in FDM-Printed Parts: Considerations Concerning Experimental Characterisation for Use in Numerical Simulations

The objective of this research is to characterise the material poly lactic acid (PLA), printed by fused deposition modelling (FDM) technology, under three loading conditions—tension, compression and bending—in order to get data that will allow to simulate structural components. In the absence of specific standards for materials manufactured in FDM technology, characterisation is carried out based on ASTM International standards D638, D695 and D790, respectively. Samples manufactured with the same printing parameters have been built and tested; and the tensile, compressive and flexural properties have been determined. The influences of the cross-sectional shape and the specimen length on the strength and elastic modulus of compression are addressed. By analysing the mechanical properties obtained in this way, the conclusion is that they are different, are not coherent with each other, and do not reflect the bimodular nature (different behaviour of material in tension and compression) of this material. A finite element (FE) model is used to verify these differences, including geometric non-linearity, to realistically reproduce conditions during physical tests. The main conclusion is that the test methods currently used do not guarantee a coherent set of mechanical properties useful for numerical simulation, which highlights the need to define new characterisation methods better adapted to the behaviour of FDM-printed PLA

High customer density PON with passive amplification through distributed pump for > 1:1000 tree split

A network architecture for tree-like passive optical networks (PONs) with high splitting ratios is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Splits >1000 are shown to be feasible thanks to a noise-powered amplifier that is built-in inside the power splitter. The proposed noise pumping technique recycles the natural amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) of a semiconductor optical amplifier at the customer premises, avoiding the use of an electrical power supply in the fiber plant. The impact of the location of this noise-powered extender box inside the signal distribution element of the tree is analyzed in terms of obtained signal gain, ASE accumulation among multiple extender boxes, and transmission performance. Finally, full-duplex transmission at 10 Gb/s with burst-mode upstream is demonstrated in a particular scenario with a split of 1:1000 and a loss budget of 39.5 dB, revealing that power margins >3 of dB can be provided.Peer Reviewe

Modification of natural rubber by graft copolymerisation of non-ionogenic hydrophilic monomers in latex

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:DX94984 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Wavelength-tuneable remote node for enhanced resilience and optimization of WDM access networks

A remote node design with a wavelength tuneable optical add/drop element is presented and experimentally demonstrated for application in a resilient ring+tree access network architecture. The flexibility of the network node regarding its allocation to the wavelength dimension of the network can be exploited to retain service delivery in case of subsystem failure at the optical line terminal (OLT) or optical network unit (ONU) as well as for an optimization of the transmission performance when switching from normal to resilient network operation in case of a ring fibre cut. A loss budget of 30 dB is compatible for the passive optical access network.Peer Reviewe

Demonstration and field trial of a resilient hybrid NG-PON test-bed

A multi-layer next generation PON prototype has been built and tested, to show the feasibility of extended hybrid DWDM/TDM-XGPON FTTH networks with resilient optically-integrated ring-trees architecture, supporting broadband multimedia services. It constitutes a transparent common platform for the coexistence of multiple operators sharing the optical infrastructure of the central metro ring, passively combining the access and the metropolitan network sections. It features 32 wavelength connections at 10 Gbps, up to 1000 users distributed in 16 independent resilient sub-PONs over 100 km. This paper summarizes the network operation, demonstration and field trial results. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Peer Reviewe