Morphology, Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Mangrove Soil under Riverine and Marine Influence: A Case Study on Subaé River Basin, Bahia, Brazil

The preservation of mangrove ecosystem requires knowledge on soil Morphology, Physical and Chemical Characteristics, for understanding the requirements for their sustainability and preservation. Seven pedons of mangrove soil, five under fluvial and two under marine influence, located in the Subaé River basin were described and classified. Samples of horizons were collected for physical and chemical analyses, including Pb and Cd. The moist soils were suboxidic, with Eh below 350 mV. The pH of the pedons under fluvial influence ranged from moderately acid to alkaline, and pedons under marine influence was around 7.0. Mangrove soils under fluvial influence were characterized with the highest Pb and Cd concentrations in the pedons, which could be perhaps due to it closeness to the mining company Plumbum, while the lowest Pb concentrations was registered in the pedon furthest from the factory. Because the pedons had at least one metal above the reference level they were considered potentially toxic. The soils were classified as Gleissolos Tiomórficos Órticos (sálicos) sódico neofluvissólico, according to the Brazilian Soil Classification System and as Thiomorphic orthic Gleysol (salic) sodicluvissol (potentially toxic, very poorly drained) according with FAO. The pedon under marine influence was classified in the same subgroup, but the metal concentrations met the acceptable standard

Gênese, Caracterização e Classificação de Solos de Mangue na Bacia do Rio Subaé, Bahia, Brasil

Preservation of mangroves, a very significant ecosystem from a social, economic, and environmental viewpoint, requires knowledge on soil composition, genesis, morphology, and classification. These aspects are of paramount importance to understand the dynamics of sustainability and preservation of this natural resource. In this study mangrove soils in the Subaé river basin were described and classified and inorganic waste concentrations evaluated. Seven pedons of mangrove soil were chosen, five under fluvial influence and two under marine influence and analyzed for morphology. Samples of horizons and layers were collected for physical and chemical analyses, including heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Mn, Zn, and Fe). The moist soils were suboxidic, with Eh values below 350 mV. The pH level of the pedons under fluvial influence ranged from moderately acid to alkaline, while the pH in pedons under marine influence was around 7.0 throughout the profile. The concentration of cations in the sorting complex for all pedons, independent of fluvial or marine influence, indicated the following order: Na+>Mg2+>Ca2+>K+. Mangrove soils from the Subaé river basin under fluvial and marine influence had different morphological, physical, and chemical characteristics. The highest Pb and Cd concentrations were found in the pedons under fluvial influence, perhaps due to their closeness to the mining company Plumbum, while the concentrations in pedon P7 were lowest, due to greater distance from the factory. For containing at least one metal above the reference levels established by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (United States Environmental Protection Agency), the pedons were classified as potentially toxic. The soils were classified as Gleissolos Tiomórficos Órticos (sálicos) sódico neofluvissólico in according to the Brazilian Soil Classification System, indicating potential toxicity and very poor drainage, except for pedon P7, which was classified in the same subgroup as the others, but different in that the metal concentrations met acceptable standards.A preservação de manguezais, ecossistema de elevada importância social, econômica e ambiental, requer conhecimento da composição, gênese, morfologia e classificação de seus solos, aspectos de fundamental importância para o entendimento da dinâmica e conservação sustentável desse recurso natural. Dessa forma, buscaram-se caracterizar e classificar solos de manguezais na bacia do Subaé e avaliar as concentrações dos poluentes inorgânicos. Foram escolhidos sete pedons representativos de manguezais, cinco sob influência fluvial e dois sob influência marítima, cujos perfis foram analisados quanto à morfologia e coletadas amostras de horizontes e camadas para posterior análise física e química, inclusive de metais pesados (Pb, Cd, Mn, Zn e Fe). Os solos em condições úmidas apresentaram-se subóxidos, com valores de Eh <350 mV. O pH dos pedons sob influência fluvial variaram de moderadamente ácido a alcalinos, enquanto os pedons sob influência marítima apresentaram valores em torno de 7,0 no longo de todo o perfil. A concentração de cátions no complexo sortivo para todos os pedons, independentemente da influência fluvial ou marítima, indicou a seguinte ordem: Na+>Mg2+>Ca2+>K+. Os solos dos manguezais da bacia do rio Subaé apresentaram características morfológicas, físicas e químicas distintas quando sob influência fluvial e marítima. As maiores concentrações de Pb e Cd foram identificadas nos pedons sob influência fluvial, possivelmente pela proximidade à Plumbum Mineração, e as menores concentrações encontravam-se no pedon P7, em razão da maior distância da fábrica. Por apresentar pelo menos um metal acima dos valores de referência indicados pela National Oceanic and Atmospheric (EPA), os pedons foram classificados como potencialmente tóxicos. Os solos foram classificados como Gleissolos Tiomórficos Órticos (sálicos) sódico neofluvissólicos de acordo com o Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação, apresentando-se potencialmente tóxicos, muito mal-drenados, exceto o pedon 7, que foi enquadrado no mesmo subgrupo dos demais, mas diferenciado deles por apresentar concentração de metal dentro dos limites tolerados.S

INITIAL GROWTH OF YELLOW PASSION FRUIT SEEDLINGS IN SUBSTRATE COMPOSED OF PULP MILL SLUDGE AND CATTLE MANURE

In the last years, as interest in recycling and waste use has increased, many researchers have studied a wide range of potential substrates alternatives. Therefore, is possible that pulp mill sludge can be used as a substrate to seedlings production, while reducing costs. The aim was to evaluate the potential of using pulp mill sludge combined or not with cattle manure as an alternative substrate component for production of seedlings of yellow passion fruit. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in factorial 2 x 3 x 5 design, begin two cultivars (Yellow Maguary FB 100 and FB Master ® 200), three doses of N-P-K (0, 21.4 and 42.8 g plant-1) and five combinations of pulp mill sludge (PMS) and cattle manure (CM). Were used the following combinations: CM 100%, 25% PMS + 75% CM, 50% PMS + 50% CM, 75% PMS + 25% CM and PMS 100%, with four replicates. After 48 days were evaluated shoot and root length, number of leaves, stem diameter, shoot fresh and dry weight and root fresh and dry weight. Observed that increasing concentration of waste in the substrate caused significant damage to seedlings in both cultivars, probably due to nutrient imbalances, therefore is detrimental to the development of seedlings; the application of N-P-K, in the tested doses, is not sufficient to avoid adverse effects in the seedlings or to correct the balance nutritional of waste; and the cattle manure is the best option for the production of quality seedlings, in the conditions studied