Review and analysis of small-scale aquaculture production in East Africa : Part 4. Uganda

This publication reports the results of a study of the small-scale aquaculture producers’ situation in Uganda that was carried out in March-April 2018. The study was commissioned by Msingi East Africa. The study comprised two main parts: a desk study and a field study. The latter consisted of visits and interviews with fish farmers, fish feed producers and importers, fish traders, service providers and other key informants and served as validation of the results of the desk study. The methodology for field data collection was semi-structured interviews. Three small-holder aquaculture segments have been identified. Segment I comprises of small-holders producing Nile tilapia (ponds and cages) and/or African catfish (ponds). Production varies from 1- 5 tonnes/year. They lack affordable and high quality inputs, knowledge and capital. Segment II includes small-holders producing Nile tilapia (ponds and cages) and/or African catfish (ponds). Production varies from 6 to 40 tonnes/year. They have some degree of knowledge on farm management and some capital to invest. Access to affordable and high quality inputs is problematic. Segment III consists of small-holders with higher education and on-job-skills. Production varies from 41 to 50 tonnes/year. They import high quality feed and have access to family capital. Their business is expanding and they will soon be medium-scale farmers. Opportunities for development support consist of better coordination and an integrated approach within a new aquaculture platform in which lead-farmers train farmers via a training-of trainers approach. The platform should concentrate on segment I and II farmers; they urgently need better feed, improved knowledge, skills and access to capital. Segment II farmers need better local feed of affordable prices and improved knowledge and skills for farm management. Models to link farmers to markets and support services include cluster farming (joined buying of inputs and distribution), aquaparks (improved production infrastructure) and empowering investors with access to capital and organised markets

Challenges of Early Years leadership preparation: a comparison between early and experienced Early Years practitioners in England

Leadership has been under-researched in the Early Years (EY) sector of primary schools in England, especially in leading change for professional development. The aim of this paper is to theorise what the leadership culture for EY practitioners looks like, and how Initial Teacher Training providers and schools are preparing practitioners for leadership. Using case studies of EY practitioners in different stages of their career in primary schools, we offer an insight into their preparedness for leadership in EY, the implication being that leadership training requires an understanding and embedding of the EY culture and context. Interviews with both sample groups allowed for deeper insight into the lived world. Interviews were also conducted with the head teachers to gain an overview of the leadership preparation they provided. The main findings suggest that newer EY practitioners are better prepared for leadership from their university training in comparison to more experienced EY practitioners

Review and analysis of small-scale aquaculture production in East Africa : Part 3. Tanzania

This report describes the findings of a literature study and of interviews with fish farmers and key informants familiar with the Tanzanian freshwater aquaculture sector. The study was part of an assignment commissioned by Msingi East Africa. The report was developed in collaboration with Stichting BoP Innovation Centre. Msingi is an East African industry development organisation. It aims to support the growth of competitive industries in the region. Aquaculture has been selected as the first East African industry to support among strategic industries in which East Africa has a comparative advantage. Msingi supports their growth through investment and technical assistance to pioneer businesses; this is complemented by wider support to the sector, such as on policy, technology transfer, research and development, human capacity building or support to key sector organisations.The Tanzanian freshwater aquaculture sector consists of roughly 19,000 small-scale farmers operating one or a few small ponds stocked with tilapia and/or catfish. Fish are fed in most cases with agricultural by-products and residues that are available on the farm. For most producers, fish farming is a part-time activity besides other sources of income. A small but growing number of farmers have specialised and are applying commercial fish feeds and are reaching higher levels of production. Total annual freshwater fish production of Tanzania is estimated to be 5000 metric tonnes. In the last years a growth of production is reported to take place as result of existing farms expanding and new farms being established. Part of the new farms use floating cages placed in Lake Victoria and Lake Kumba. All farmed fish is sold on the Tanzanian market, mostly as fresh, whole fish. Lack of capital and finance opportunities, a shortage of affordable commercial fish feeds, a shortage of fingerlings (fish seeds) of good quality and a lack of knowledge among farmers about improved aquaculture practices, farm management and a business–like approach to fish farming have been identified as major bottlenecks for growth of production of the small-scale producers. Recommendations for action that would address these bottlenecks are given in this report

Three Keys to Success for Principals (and Their Teachers)

This is the author's accepted manuscript, post peer-review. The publisher's official version is available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00228958.2008.10516527.What is successful leadership and how can leadership concepts be applied to schools? Hundreds of books and articles and a plethora of executive seminars describe what leadership is and propose strategies for what effective leaders do. Most of these writings and presentations, however, focus on business, with much less information available about how to lead schools. In addition, there is a diversity of opinions about what makes leaders effective. This article suggests that it is possible to extract, reframe, and apply the best of what is known about leadership to help principals be more successful. Moreover, if principals are successful, teachers also are positioned to be successful, with the ultimate impact being successful student learning

Photochemistry of Furyl- and Thienyldiazomethanes: Spectroscopic Characterization of Triplet 3-Thienylcarbene

Photolysis (λ \u3e 543 nm) of 3-thienyldiazomethane (1), matrix isolated in Ar or N2 at 10 K, yields triplet 3-thienylcarbene (13) and α-thial-methylenecyclopropene (9). Carbene 13 was characterized by IR, UV/vis, and EPR spectroscopy. The conformational isomers of 3-thienylcarbene (s-E and s-Z) exhibit an unusually large difference in zero-field splitting parameters in the triplet EPR spectrum (|D/hc| = 0.508 cm–1, |E/hc| = 0.0554 cm–1; |D/hc| = 0.579 cm–1, |E/hc| = 0.0315 cm–1). Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) calculations reveal substantially differing spin densities in the 3-thienyl ring at the positions adjacent to the carbene center, which is one factor contributing to the large difference in D values. NBO calculations also reveal a stabilizing interaction between the sp orbital of the carbene carbon in the s-Z rotamer of 13 and the antibonding σ orbital between sulfur and the neighboring carbon—an interaction that is not observed in the s-E rotamer of 13. In contrast to the EPR spectra, the electronic absorption spectra of the rotamers of triplet 3-thienylcarbene (13) are indistinguishable under our experimental conditions. The carbene exhibits a weak electronic absorption in the visible spectrum (λmax = 467 nm) that is characteristic of triplet arylcarbenes. Although studies of 2-thienyldiazomethane (2), 3-furyldiazomethane (3), or 2-furyldiazomethane (4) provided further insight into the photochemical interconversions among C5H4S or C5H4O isomers, these studies did not lead to the spectroscopic detection of the corresponding triplet carbenes (2-thienylcarbene (11), 3-furylcarbene (23), or 2-furylcarbene (22), respectively)

The role of emotion, values, and beliefs in the construction of innovative work realities

Traditional approaches to requirements elicitation stress systematic and rational analysis and representation of organizational context and system requirements. This paper argues that (1) for an organization, a software system implements a shared vision of a future work reality and that (2) understanding the emotions, feelings, values, beliefs, and interests that drive organizational human action is needed in order to invent the requirements of such a software system. This paper debunks some myths about how organizations transform themselves through the adoption of Information and Communication Technology; describes the concepts of emotion, feeling, value, and belief; and presents some constructionist guidelines for the process of eliciting requirements for a software system that helps an organization to fundamentally change its work patterns.(undefined

Review and analysis of small-scale aquaculture production in East Africa : Summary and Recommendations

This report describes the findings of literature studies and of interviews with fish farmers and key informants in Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda as well as recommended actions that result from the findings. The studies were commissioned by Msingi East Africa in collaboration with Stichting BoP Innovation Centre and have been reported in four separate reports, covering each country. This final report provides a summary of all country reports. Extensive to semi-intensive production of Tilapia and to a lesser extent, African Catfish in small ponds is the most common production system in the region. However, there is a rapidly expanding culture of tilapia production in floating cages taking place in Lake Victoria and in other lakes. The situation of small-scale aquaculture producers as well as support services in the four countries differs but most small-scale fish farmers in the region are confronted with a shortage of essential inputs (especially fish feed, fingerlings and credit) of good quality and affordable price. The level of knowledge about better farm management practices, of related skills and application of more advanced technology (needed to increase productivity and income) is low for most farmers. For most countries the opportunities for the more advanced segment of small-scale farmers to grow are good. The study recommends a number of actions which it is believed will contribute to growth of smallholders’ production and income for all the countries surveye

Study protocol of a Dutch smoking cessation e-health program

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The study aims to test the differential effects of a web-based text and a web-based video-driven computer-tailored approach for lower socio-economic status (LSES) and higher socio-economic status (HSES) smokers which incorporate multiple computer-tailored feedback moments. The two programs differ only in the mode of delivery (video- versus text-based messages). The paper aims to describe the development and design of the two computer-tailored programs.</p> <p>Methods/design</p> <p>Respondents who smoked at the time of the study inclusion, who were motivated to quit within the following six months and who were aged 18 or older were included in the program. The study is a randomized control trial with a 2 (video/text) * 2(LSES/HSES) design. Respondents were assigned either to one of the intervention groups (text versus video tailored feedback) or to the control group (non-tailored generic advice). In all three conditions participants were asked to fill in the baseline questionnaire based on the I-Change model. The questionnaire assessed socio-demographics, attitude towards smoking, knowledge, self-efficacy, social influence, depression, level of addiction, action planning, goal actions, intention to quit smoking, seven-day point prevalence and continued abstinence. Follow-up measurements were conducted at six and twelve months after baseline.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>The present paper describes the development of the two computer-tailored smoking cessation programs, their components and the design of the study. The study results reveal different working mechanisms of multiple tailored smoking cessation interventions and will help us to gain more insight into effective strategies to target different subgroups, especially smokers with a lower socio-economic status.</p> <p>Trial registration</p> <p>Dutch Trial Register <a href="http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=NTR3102">NTR3102</a></p