Cardiovascular effects of calcium supplementation

Peer reviewedPostprin

Phosphorus nutrition.

Evaluation of soil test for phosphate on sandy soils. Results presented for this project, commenced in 1988, which started as a joint project between the Department of Agriculture and Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, School of Agriculture, University of Western Australia. In the field experiments, 10 levels of superphosphate (three replicates) were applied in May 1988, and 10 levels of superphosphate (also three replicates) were applied in May 1989 onto an adjacent area to the 1988 treatments. Colwell P I(soil test values) and yield data are presented for 1988 and 1989 for the 1988 treatments layed out in 1988, and for 1989 for the treatments layed out in 1989. Data presented are the mean of three replicates. In 1988 the soil samples (0-10 cm, using 2.5 cm diameter samplers) were collected 102 months after the superphosphate treatments were applied. In 1989, the soil samples were collected February-May from the 1988 treatments only, and these were related in 1989 to yields measured from the 1988 and 1989 treatments. The crops were sown in May, cereals at 50-60 kg seed/ha, and lupins at 100 to 129 seed/ha at about 4-5 cm depth. Trial 88BA41, 88BA42, 88BA43, 88EB11, 88N33, 88N34, 88N35, 88SG24, 88SG25, 88SG26, 88WH45, 88SC18, 88SC19, 66M30, 48MI49. Location Badginarra Research Station, East Beverley Research Block, Newdegate Research Station, Salmon Gums Research Station, Wongan Hills Research Station, South Carrabin, Merredin Research Station

Phosphorus sources trials

HIGH RAINFALL AREAS -Sand 76BU1 - New land phosphorus sources trial (pasture) T. O\u27Byrne, Yalingup. 76BU4 - Old land phosphorus sources trial (pasture) T. Combe, Busselton. Gravel 76MT10 - New land phosphorus sources trial (pasture) Mt. Barker Research Station. 76MT9 - Old land phosphorus sources trial (pasture) Mt. Barker Research Station. 77MT1 - Newland particle size and method of cultivation phosphorus source trial (pasture) Mt. Barker Research Station. 77MT2 - Old land phosphorus sources cropping trial (oats every 3rd year) Mt. Barker Research Station. MEDIUM RAINFALL AREAS Sand 76ES37 - Young land phosphorus sources trial (pasture) F. Fels, Esperance. 77E1 - New land phosphorus sources trial (pasture)~ Esperance Downs Research Station. 77E2 - Old land phosphorus sources trial (pasture) Esperance Downs Research Station. Gravel 75no7B - New land phosphorus sources trial (pasture) G. Watson (formerly D. Gillespie), East Chittering 77MO16 - New land phosphorus sources cropping trial (wheat) Martindale Pty Ltd, \u27Newdale\u27, New Norcia. LOW RAINFALL AREAS Sand 76WH9 - New land phosphorus sources trial (pasture & crop) Wongan Hills Research Station. 76WH10 - Young land phosphorus sources trial (pasture & crop) Wongan Hills Research Station. 76WH14 - Old land phosphorus sources trial (cropped every 3rd year) Wongan Hills Research Station. 77WH2 - Old land phosphorus sources cropping trial, Wongan Hills Research Station. Gravel 76N4 - New land phosphorus sources trial (pasture & crop) Newdegate Research Station. 76N6 - Old land phosphorus sources trial (cropped every 3rd year) Newdegate Research Station. 76LG6 - Young land.phosphorus sources trial (pasture & crop) Newdegate Research station

Phosphorus nutrition

Trial No.: 84E31 Location: Esperance Downs Research Station.Results: Fertilizer: TSP = triple superphosphate; NCRP = North Carolina rock phosphate; DRP = Duchess rock phosphate. Cultivation: UC = fertilizer applied to the soil surface and left there: C = fertilizer cultivated into the top 10 cm of soil with a rotary hoe after application to the soil surface. Trial No.: 84M63. Location: South Bodallin (Merredin Research Station). Results: TSP = triple superphosphate; NCRP = North Carolina rock phosphate; DRP = Duchess rock phosphate. UC = fertilizer applied to the soil surface and left there; C = fertilizer mixed in to the top 10 cm of soil with a rotary hoe after application to the soil surface. Trial No.: 84NO69. Location: West Dale. Results: TSP = triple superphosphate; NCRP = North Carolina rock phosphate; DRP = Duchess rock phosphate; Cal = Calciphos; UC = fertilizer applied to the soil surface and left there; C = fertilizer cultivated into the top 10 cm with a rotary hoe after application to the soil surface

Using historical lesion volume data in the design of a new phase II clinical trial in acute stroke

<p><b>Background and Purpose:</b> Clinical research into the treatment of acute stroke is complicated, is costly, and has often been unsuccessful. Developments in imaging technology based on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans offer opportunities for screening experimental therapies during phase II testing so as to deliver only the most promising interventions to phase III. We discuss the design and the appropriate sample size for phase II studies in stroke based on lesion volume.</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> Determination of the relation between analyses of lesion volumes and of neurologic outcomes is illustrated using data from placebo trial patients from the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive. The size of an effect on lesion volume that would lead to a clinically relevant treatment effect in terms of a measure, such as modified Rankin score (mRS), is found. The sample size to detect that magnitude of effect on lesion volume is then calculated. Simulation is used to evaluate different criteria for proceeding from phase II to phase III.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> The odds ratios for mRS correspond roughly to the square root of odds ratios for lesion volume, implying that for equivalent power specifications, sample sizes based on lesion volumes should be about one fourth of those based on mRS. Relaxation of power requirements, appropriate for phase II, lead to further sample size reductions. For example, a phase III trial comparing a novel treatment with placebo with a total sample size of 1518 patients might be motivated from a phase II trial of 126 patients comparing the same 2 treatment arms.</p> <p><b>Discussion:</b> Definitive phase III trials in stroke should aim to demonstrate significant effects of treatment on clinical outcomes. However, more direct outcomes such as lesion volume can be useful in phase II for determining whether such phase III trials should be undertaken in the first place.</p&gt

Phosphorus nutrition.

Trials reported on: 85 NA 34, 85 NA 35, 85 NO 63, 85 BA 34, 85 BA 36, 85 BA 37, 76 WH 9, 84 E 31, 84 M 63, 84 NO 69, 77 MT 2, 78 BA 7, 65 A 1, 69 WH 15

Calcium supplements and cancer risk : a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

The influence of passive wedge-wire screen aperture and flow velocity on juvenile European eel exclusion, impingement and passage

The European eel (Anguilla anguilla) is a critically endangered catadromous fish. The decline has partly been attributed to water management infrastructure that abstract water from rivers for potable and industrial water supply, irrigation, hydroelectric power generation and flood defence; eels can be impinged on weedscreens and trashracks and entrained in pumps and turbines. The Eel Regulations (England and Wales) 2009 stipulates measures are required to provide safe (upstream and downstream) passage of eels past such hazardous intakes. Preventing impingement and entrainment of upstream migrating (glass eel and elver) and river-resident (yellow) juvenile eels at hazardous intakes may require fine-mesh aperture screens and low approach velocities due to eels' small size and relatively poor swimming capacity but quantitative evidence is lacking. Here, passive wedge-wire screen aperture (1, 2, 3 and 5 mm) and depth-averaged flow velocities (0, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 m∙s−1) both influenced the fate (i.e., impingement or passage) and behaviour (i.e., migratory separation or behavioural avoidance) of two size classes of juvenile eels (60–80 mm glass eels and 100–160 mm elvers) in an experimental flume. One and 2 mm aperture screens were required to physically exclude 60–80 mm and 100–160 mm. Up to 90% and 100% of the 60–80 mm and 100–160-mm size class eels were impinged at 0.2 m∙s−1 depth-averaged flow velocity, which also positively influence number of screen contacts per eel and time to eel fate (from first contact). A small proportion of 60–80 mm eels (9.2%) did not approach the screen due to migratory separation (i.e., positive rheotaxis) and eels narrower than the screen aperture did not always pass through the screen, and thus other biological or hydraulic processes may also influence screen passage. It is hoped that these findings help improve screening guidance for regulators, key stakeholders and water abstraction managers to further improve protective measures required for critically endangered eels

The Response of River-Resident Fish to Reservoir Freshet Releases of Varying Profiles Intended to Facilitate a Spawning Migration

Natural hydrological regimes encompass varying seasonal flow characteristics that provide fish with cues and opportunities for upstream spawning migrations, but these flows are often modified/absent in regulated rivers. Compensatory artificial flows (freshets) can be released from reservoirs to replicate these characteristics, but studies testing their effectiveness are limited. To address this, river‐resident brown trout, a species known to undertake spawning migrations, were manually tracked using radio telemetry in a regulated upland river in northern England in response to 11 freshet releases of differing timing, magnitude and duration. Spawning migrations were not observed because extent of movement during freshets was generally small and the pattern of movement (i.e. directionality and relocation indices) was comparable between impact/control reaches. Movements during freshets were comparable with those observed the days immediately before/after and were small relative to the entire tracking period. In conclusion, freshets characteristic of those recommended to produce “naturalized” autumn/winter flow elevations did not stimulate/facilitate spawning migrations of river‐resident brown trout under the given seasonal conditions. Outside freshets, longer unidirectional movements occurred during low flow periods and elevated river level due to rainfall, including during periods of reservoir overtopping. Notwithstanding, fish in experimental reaches were significantly more active (total distance moved) and occupied a larger extent of river (range during freshet) than those in control reaches during short‐duration freshets. Therefore, during dry years/when (autumn/winter) reservoir overtopping events are unlikely, small‐magnitude freshets providing flows that allow fish short opportunities to search for/find superior local habitat whilst minimising total water released are recommended