Byzantine Missions among the Magyars in the Later 10th Century?

Byzantine missions among the Magyars during the later 10th century? For many 10th century Christian observers, as they frequently noted, the arrival of the conquering Hungarians at the end of the 9th century meant the beginning of the Apocalypse. Therefore it is hardly surprising, that in the eyes of Christian authors the newly arrived People of Gog and Magog appeared as the par excellence pagans of their age. This view is clearly attested by all extant historical writings of the time, whether Byzantine Greek, Western European Latin or Eastern European Slavic. On the other hand, archaeological excavations conducted over the last one and a half century in the Carpathian Basin, produced a number of cross finds, datable to 10th and 11th centuries that continue to provoke a lively debate among historians and archaeologists, most of whom have been speculating how these crosses are to be interpreted. Some leading experts of early Hungarian history were in favour of and others were against the presence and spread of Christianity in the Carpathian Basin before the time of the state-enforced conversion under Saint Stephen. The present paper aims to revisit the main arguments established by the debating parties and introduce new ones in order to better understand the background against which Saint Stephen’s efforts in Christianizing his kingdom are to be contextualized. My object is to question the usefulness of applying strict theological/canonical criteria when hints of an early evangelizing activity in the burials of the given period are searched for. On the other hand, by reviewing the known ecclesiastical regulations I argue that in the first century of official Christianization of the Árpádian Age, the Church left the question of burial up to the family of the deceased; a fact which, in my judgement, helps to explain why it is nearly impossible to find a criterion or a set of criteria for determining the burial of a Christian or a partly Christianized individual before the use of churchyard cemeteries

Kép és képnélküliség a Kárpát-medencében a 6–10. században

A tanulmány röviden vizsgálja a Kárpát-medence 6–10. századi (avar kori és 10. századi) leletanyagának egyik sajátos jellegzetességét: az egykori díszítőművészetek nagyrészt képnélküli (anikonikus) voltát, s magyarázatot igyekszik keresni az emberalakok korszakonként változó gyakoriságú, mégis, összességében feltűnően ritka megjelenésére. Áttekinti az ornamentika alkalmazásának általános okait, valamint kitér a késő avar kori képi ábrázolások megszaporodása mögött meghúzódó lehetséges okokra

A saját testsúlyról alkotott önkép hatása az egyén sportolási és dohányzási szokásainak kapcsolatára

A társadalomban természetes ténynek tekinthető az az állítás, hogy a sport hatással van az egyén dohányzási szokásaira. A szerzők egy magyar középiskolások körében végzett kérdőíves felmérés eredményei alapján ezt a hipotézist vizsgálják, de az elemzést elvégzik egy, a saját testről alkotott önkép szerint rétegzett mintán is

Cellulase enzyme production by various fungal strains on different carbon sources

In the process of making ethanol from lignocellulosics, enzyme production is still the most crucial and costly step. Trichoderma reesei Rut C-30 is the best known cellulase producer. This fungus is very good in endo- and exoglucanase production, however, the amount of β-glucosidase excreted is not sufficient for hydrolysis. In addition, T. reesei Rut C-30 is sensitive to inhibitors generated during steam-pretreatment of wood. In the present study, two good cellulase producers were selected from 16 fungal strains and investigated regarding filter paper activity (FPU) and β-glucosidase activity using inexpensive lignocellulosic carbon sources for cultivation. T. reesei Rut C-30 proved to be a good cellulase producer, resulting in a maximum FPU of 1.39 FPU ml Ś1 on washed, steam-pretreated willow, but the β-glucosidase activity was insufficient. High β-glucosidase activities were reached with T. viride OKI B1 on all substrates, with a maximum activity of 1.62 IU ml Ś1 on steam-pretreated spruce