Labour and Product Market Reforms in the Economy with Distortionary Taxation

It is widely accepted that in order to improve the economic position of the EU relative to the USA certain structural reforms need to be undertaken, mainly in the labour market. However few EU countries have undertaken such reforms. The reason lies in the fact that those reforms are going to be costly in terms of economic performance, unemployment and hence the cost of financing them - at least in the short term. Blanchard and Giavazzi (2003) develop a model based on imperfect competition in both product and labour markets in order to show the impact of deregulation on the economy. However they do not consider the question of how to finance such reforms or overcome the short run costs, a key consideration if the short run costs are large relative to the long run gains. We extend their model by including the effects of another inevitable source of imperfections: distortionary taxation - not only the most likely candidate for reform, but also the most likely instrument for financing the restructuring process. By extending the model in this way we can establish formally that reforms imply significant short run costs as well as long run gains; that (political opposition apart) the financing of such reforms will be the main stumbling block. We come to a number of conclusions which reverse the Blanchard and Giavazzi results; and find that, in addition, the composition of the reform package matters, as does the distribution of the tax burden. This model therefore supplies new results on the design and sequencing of reforms.Structural Reform, Wage Bargains, Short vs Long Run Sustainability.

Boron application in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) seed production

peer-reviewedThis work is part of the research project TR-31016, funded by the Ministry of Science and Technological Development, Republic of Serbia.A field trial with four red clover cultivars was established on acid soil in order to evaluate the effect of foliar boron application on seed yield. The crop received foliar boron treatment during the second growth of the second year at two applications. Although seed yield showed a significant increase in boron-treated plants in 2011 compared with control (26.0%), its relative increase was far higher in 2010 (43.2%), which had increased total rainfall amounts during flowering. Sufficient level of boron supply to red clover plants for seed production has a remarkably positive effect under conditions hampering pollination and fertilisation.Ministry of Science and Technological Development, Republic of Serbi

Liječenje ozljeda medijalnog meniskusa parcijalnom meniscektomijom

Partial meniscectomy involves partial removal of the meniscus. This can vary from minor trimming of the damaged part of the meniscus to the removal of the rip from the meniscocapsular junction. Meniscus tears are the most common knee injury. They may occur in acute knee injuries in younger patients, or as part of a degenerative process in older individuals. The aim of the study was to demonstrate the method of choice for treatment of medial meniscus injuries that, in well selected cases, resulted in a small rate of complications and fast rehabilitation. The study analyzed the results of arthroscopic partial medial meniscectomy in 99 patients, in the period from 2005 to 2013, with follow up of 12-14 months. In our series of arthroscopically treated medial meniscus, tears were found in 29 patients with vertical complete bucket handle lesions, 14 with vertical incomplete lesions, 9 with longitudinal tears, 13 with oblique tears, 11 with complex, flap and degenerative lesions, 10 with radial lesions and 13 with horizontal lesions. The mean preoperative International Knee Documentation Committee score was 52.52%, then 81.81% at one month and 92.92% at six months of arthroscopic partial medial meniscectomy. Arthroscopic partial medial meniscectomy is a minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedure. This procedure is an acceptable and effective long-term treatment, particularly in patients without significant articular cartilage damage, and is associated with minimal morbidity.Parcijalna meniscektomija podrazumijeva djelomično uklanjanje meniskusa. Ovo može varirati od manje ekstirpacije oštećenog dijela meniskusa do uklanjanja rascjepa s meniskokapsularnog hvatišta. Ozljede meniskusa su najčešće ozljede koljena. One se mogu javiti kao akutne ozljede koljena kod mlađih bolesnika ili kao dio degenerativnog procesa u starijih osoba. Cilj studije bio je pokazati metodu izbora u liječenju ozljeda medijalnog meniskusa koja u dobro odabranim slučajevima dovodi do malog postotka komplikacija i brze rehabilitacije. U studiji su analizirani rezultati artroskopske parcijalne medijalne meniscektomije kod 99 bolesnika u razdoblju od 2005. do 2013. godine s praćenjem kroz 12-14 mjeseci. U našoj seriji bolesnika liječenih ovom metodom utvrđen je rascjep poput drške košarice (bucket handle) u 29, vertikalni nepotpuni rascjep u 14, uzdužni rascjep u 9, kosi rascjep u 13, degenerativna lezija u 11, radijalni rascjep u 10 i horizontalni rascjep u 13 bolesnika. Prosječni prijeoperacijski zbir IKDC (International Knee Documentation Committee) bio je 52,52%, jedan mjesec nakon parcijalne artroskopske medijalne meniscektomije IKDC je bio 81,81%, a šest mjeseci nakon parcijalne meniscektomije 92,92%. Artroskopska parcijalna medijalna meniscektomija je minimalno invazivan dijagnostički i terapijski zahvat. Ona je prihvatljiva i učinkovita kao liječenje, naročito kod bolesnika bez značajnog oštećenja zglobne hrskavice, a praćena je minimalnim pobolom

Liječenje ozljeda medijalnog meniskusa parcijalnom meniscektomijom

Partial meniscectomy involves partial removal of the meniscus. This can vary from minor trimming of the damaged part of the meniscus to the removal of the rip from the meniscocapsular junction. Meniscus tears are the most common knee injury. They may occur in acute knee injuries in younger patients, or as part of a degenerative process in older individuals. The aim of the study was to demonstrate the method of choice for treatment of medial meniscus injuries that, in well selected cases, resulted in a small rate of complications and fast rehabilitation. The study analyzed the results of arthroscopic partial medial meniscectomy in 99 patients, in the period from 2005 to 2013, with follow up of 12-14 months. In our series of arthroscopically treated medial meniscus, tears were found in 29 patients with vertical complete bucket handle lesions, 14 with vertical incomplete lesions, 9 with longitudinal tears, 13 with oblique tears, 11 with complex, flap and degenerative lesions, 10 with radial lesions and 13 with horizontal lesions. The mean preoperative International Knee Documentation Committee score was 52.52%, then 81.81% at one month and 92.92% at six months of arthroscopic partial medial meniscectomy. Arthroscopic partial medial meniscectomy is a minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedure. This procedure is an acceptable and effective long-term treatment, particularly in patients without significant articular cartilage damage, and is associated with minimal morbidity.Parcijalna meniscektomija podrazumijeva djelomično uklanjanje meniskusa. Ovo može varirati od manje ekstirpacije oštećenog dijela meniskusa do uklanjanja rascjepa s meniskokapsularnog hvatišta. Ozljede meniskusa su najčešće ozljede koljena. One se mogu javiti kao akutne ozljede koljena kod mlađih bolesnika ili kao dio degenerativnog procesa u starijih osoba. Cilj studije bio je pokazati metodu izbora u liječenju ozljeda medijalnog meniskusa koja u dobro odabranim slučajevima dovodi do malog postotka komplikacija i brze rehabilitacije. U studiji su analizirani rezultati artroskopske parcijalne medijalne meniscektomije kod 99 bolesnika u razdoblju od 2005. do 2013. godine s praćenjem kroz 12-14 mjeseci. U našoj seriji bolesnika liječenih ovom metodom utvrđen je rascjep poput drške košarice (bucket handle) u 29, vertikalni nepotpuni rascjep u 14, uzdužni rascjep u 9, kosi rascjep u 13, degenerativna lezija u 11, radijalni rascjep u 10 i horizontalni rascjep u 13 bolesnika. Prosječni prijeoperacijski zbir IKDC (International Knee Documentation Committee) bio je 52,52%, jedan mjesec nakon parcijalne artroskopske medijalne meniscektomije IKDC je bio 81,81%, a šest mjeseci nakon parcijalne meniscektomije 92,92%. Artroskopska parcijalna medijalna meniscektomija je minimalno invazivan dijagnostički i terapijski zahvat. Ona je prihvatljiva i učinkovita kao liječenje, naročito kod bolesnika bez značajnog oštećenja zglobne hrskavice, a praćena je minimalnim pobolom

Prinos i kvalitet lucerke u zavisnosti od genotipa i tehnologije gajenja

It is essential to apply advanced management for successful production of alfalfa hay with premium quality (high content of protein and minerals). The maximum yield and the best quality of alfalfa in Serbia can be obtained by cutting four or five times per year. In alfalfa stands, use of cutting system with three cuts per year is inefficient and does not allow full exploitation of cultivar genetic potential and environmental conditions. It is possible, and economically beneficial to grow alfalfa on pseudoglay soils after application of lime and organic manure, with recommended rates 2.5 t ha-1 lime and 30 t ha-1 manure. Cutting alfalfa at the beginning of flowering stage (5 cuts per year) provides hay with better quality - higher content of crude protein and lower portion of fibre fractions (neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin), and there is no reduction in dry matter yield. There is no differences in alfalfa quality after application of lower (2.5 t ha-1) and higher dose (5.0 t ha-1) of lime + 30 t ha-1 of organic manure, but there is significant increase of dry matter yield and protein yield per hectare followed by higher level of metabolic energy per unit area. Upon the results of this study, base of successful alfalfa production would be to develop management system and cultivars for different environments that would maximize hay yields without significant loses of quality.Cilj rada je bio da se utvrdi uticaj genotipa i tehnologije gajenja na prinos i kvalitet lucerke. Postavljena su dva ogleda sa istim setom sorti (Banat VS, Nijagara, NS Alfa i NS Mediana ZMS V) na lokalitetima Rimski šančevi i Drakčići - rejon Kraljeva. Na lokalitetu Čenej ispitivan je uticaj sorte i sistema kosidbe na prinos i kvalitet lucerke, dok je u regionu Kraljeva ispitivan uticaj genotipa i različitih tretmana đubrenja krečom i stajnjakom. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da za uspešnu proizvodnju treba sejati sortno seme lucerke, a da izbor sorte zavisi od ekoloških uslova (zemljišta) i primenjene agrotehnike (režima kosidbe, đubrenja, navodnjavanja). Košenjem lucerke 3 puta godišnje ne iskorišćavaju se genetički potencijal sorte i agroekološki uslovi naše zemlje. Na pseudoglejnim zemljištima se može gajiti lucerka, posle primene krečnog materijala i stajnjaka. Rezultati ukazuju na značaj primene 2,5 t/ha kreča i 30 t/ha stajnjaka. Košenjem u fazi početka cvetanja (5 otkosa) dobija se bolji kvalitet - veći sadržaj sirovih proteina i manji udeo frakcija celuloze (NDF, ADF, ADL), a ne dolazi do smanjenja prinosa suve materije lucerke. Kvalitet lucerke se ne razlikuje posle primene niže (2,5 t/ha) i više (5,0 t/ha) doze krečnog materijala i 30 t/ha stajnjaka, ali dobija se povećanje prinosa suve materije, a time i veći prinos proteina i veća metabolička energija (NEM, NEL) po jedinici površine. Prinos i kvalitet suve materije lucerke najviše zavise od tehnologije gajenja (nivoa agrotehnike) i izbora sorte

Liming increases alfalfa yield and crude protein content in an acidic silty loam soil

A three year field trial examined the effect of three hydrated lime (HL, Ca(OH)2) rates (0, 1.5 and 3 Mg HL ha-1) on yield and quality characteristics of alfalfa on an acid soil (pHwater 1:2.5 4.7) in Western Serbia. Lime was applied only once. Total dry mass yields of a new planting alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) increased up to 6500% by the treatments of HL, compared with the untreated control. Lime application significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased the crude protein content of alfalfa, in comparison to the no limed control. Liming also significantly increased Ca, K, and P concentrations but decreased Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Al concentrations in alfalfa tissue, compared with the control treatment. Alfalfa yield increase was attributed to the increase of Ca, P and K uptake. Furthermore, the low (1.5 Mg HL ha-1) and high (3 Mg HL ha-1) lime treatments increased soil pH even further by 0.9 and 1.5 pH units, respectively. The results suggest that an initial application of hydrated lime at a rate of 3 Mg HL ha-1 may ameliorate soil acidity and increase the yield and quality characteristics of alfalfa at least over a 3-year period.Keywords: Alfalfa, soil acidity, liming, herbage yield, elemental compositio

Quantitative traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. 'Novosadska rana 5') grown on pseudogley soil depending on lime rates

The effect of the use of different lime rates on the pH values and subsequently on the quantitative traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. 'Novosadska rana 5') was investigated on the pseudogley type of soil. Of the quantitative traits in wheat, spike length, number of spikes per m2, grain mass per spike, number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight, were studied as the most significant indicators of its yield. The studies were carried out during 2010 and 2011. The trial was set up following a randomized block design with four liming variants along with three replications, in which the experimental field was 70 m2 in area. In both study years, along with the previously determined experimental conditions, the variant of CaCO3, used with an amount of 2 t/ha, was found to have the highest effect on enhancing all the parameters of wheat. Based on the results obtained throughout the current research work, it could be inferred that, despite falling under a lower quality class, pseudogley soil could promote usable optimal biological potential of the wheat variety ('Novosadska rana 5'), if adequately treated with lime along with the application of cropping practices.Key words: Pseudogley, lime rates, wheat, grown

Prinos i ekonomičnost proizvodnje sena lucerke u zavisnosti od đubrenja

Alfalfa is the most important forage crop in Serbia grown for high yields of quality fodder. In order to expand alfalfa production on pseudogleys, research was conducted in the vicinity of Kraljevo. Results suggest the potential for growing alfalfa on acid soils in Serbia. The combined use of 2.5 t ha-1 and 5 t ha-1 lime and 30 t ha-1 manure on the pseudogley increases the soil pH, humus content and available phosphorus and potassium levels, while decreasing the content of mobile aluminum, thus making the soil suitable for alfalfa production and high biomass yields (115.9 t ha-1) during 3-4 years of stand utilization.Lucerka je najznačajnija krmna biljka u Srbiji jer daje visoke prinose kvalitetne kabaste stočne hrane, koja se najviše koristi u ishrani preživara, uglavnom kao seno. Zbog izuzetne osetljivosti na niske pH vrednosti zemljišta, u cilju proširenja areala, lucerka je gajena na pseudogleju, na području Kraljeva. Đubrenje lucerke samo mineralnim đubrivima ne utiče na promenu agrohemijskih osobina pseudogleja, ali se dodavanjem kreča prinos lucerke značajno povećava. Rezultati ukazuju na mogućnost gajenja lucerke na ovom tipu zemljišta uz odgovarajuće đubrenje. Primenom 2,5 t ha-1 i 5 t ha-1 kreča u kombinaciji sa 30 t ha-1 stajnjaka na pseudogleju se povećava pH vrednost zemljišta, raste sadržaj humusa, pristupačnog fosfora i kalijuma, i smanjuje se sadržaj mobilnog aluminijuma, što ga čini podesnim za gajenje lucerke i postizanje visokih prinosa biomase (115,9 t ha-1) tokom perioda iskorišćavanja od 3-4 godine. U gajenju lucerke na kiselim zemljištima, mora se voditi računa o ekonomičnosti primene mineralnih đubriva i kreča

Uticaj kalcizacije zemljišta na prinos krme i semena Žutog zvezdana (Lotus corniculatus L.)

A prerequisite for improving birdsfoot trefoil cultivation is the production of sufficient quantities of quality seeds. The field experiment was set 2012th in Čačak on alluvium soil type, acid reaction (pHH2O 4.8). Varieties birdsfoot trefoil (K-37 and Rocco) were sown at a interrow spacing of 20 cm and 10 kg ha-1 seed. The aim of the experiment was to analyze the impact of the application of limestone soil (without CaO and treatment with 3 t ha-1 CaO) on forage yield, seed yield and yield components of birdsfoot trefoil. The results indicate that birdsfoot trefoil was largely tolerant on acidity. The positive influence of liming on number of stems m-2 and number of seeds per pod in the variety Rocco contributed to its greater seed yield in relation to the variety of K-37.Preduslov za unapređenje gajenja žutog zvezdana je proizvodnja dovoljne količine kvalitetnog semena. Poljski ekseriment je postavljen 2012. godine u Čačku na zemljištu tipa aluvijum, kisele reakcije (pHH2O 4,8). Sorte žutog zvezdana (K-37 i Rocco) posejane su na rastojanju 20 cm međuredno sa 10 kg ha-1 semena. Cilj ogleda bio je da se analizira uticaj kalcizacije zemljišta (kontrola - bez CaO i tretman sa 3 t ha-1 CaO) na kiselom zemljištu na prinos krme, prinos i komponente prinosa semena sorti žutog zvezdana. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da je žuti zvezdan u velikoj meri tolerantan na uslove kiselog zemljišta. Kalcizacija zemljišta je ispoljila jači uticaj na broj izdanaka m-2 i broj zrna po mahuni kod sorte Rocco, što se odrazilo i na njen značajno veći prinos semena u odnosu na sortu K-37

Uticaj kalcizacije na proizvodnju krme crvene deteline i italijanskog ljulja gajenih u smeši

This paper examines the influence of liming (control - without CaO; 3t ha-1 CaO) on acidic soil pH of 4.8 to forage, hay yield, the share of red clover, Italian ryegrass and weeds in the total hay yield of mixture crop. The experiment was a set up by randomized complete block design with three replications, with the size of the experimental plots of 5m2 (5x1m). Sowing was done on 20 cm interrow. Soil liming was resulted in a significant increase of yields forage and hay of crops only the first cut in 2012. In all growth during 2011 and 2012, liming is influenced significantly increase the share of Italian ryegrass at the expense of reduction of red clover share, while the share of weeds was not significantly changed. In the third year of production, there was only one growth of red clover, which was very sparse and exhausted, and Italian ryegrass was not. In such conditions, liming is influenced significantly increase the share of red clover at the expense of a significant reduction in the share of weeds.U radu je ispitivan uticaj primene kalcizacije (kontrola – bez CaO; 3t ha-1 CaO) na kiselom zemljištu pH 4,8 na prinos krme, prinos sena, udeo crvene deteline, italijanskog ljulja i korova u ukupnom prinosu sena zdrzuženog useva. Ogled je postavljen po potpuno slučajnom blok sistemu u tri ponavljanja, sa veličinom eksperimentalne parcele od 5m2 (5x1m). Setva je obavljena na međurednom rastojanju od 20cm. Primena kalcizacije značajno je uticala na povećanje prinosa krme i prinosa sena združenog useva jedino u prvom porastu 2012. godine. U svim porastima tokom 2011. i 2012. godine, kalcizacija je uticala na značajno povećanje udela italijanskog ljulja na račun smanjenja udela crvene deteline, dok se udeo korova nije značajno menjao. U trećoj godini proizvodnje, postojao je samo jedan porast crvene deteline, koji je bio jako proređen i iscrpljen, a italijanskog ljulja nije bilo. U takvim uslovima kalcizacija je uticala na značajno povećanje udela crvene deteline na račun značajnog smanjenja udela korova