The imaging spectrum of pulmonary tuberculosis in AIDS

Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is the major opportunistic infection of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) on a worldwide basis. The purpose of this pictorial essay is to illustrate and review the spectrum of imaging findings associated with pulmonary TB in patients with AIDS and to describe important factors that may complicate the radiographic follow-up of patients being treated for TB

Optimal imaging protocol for measuring dynamic expiratory collapse of the central airways

AIM: To compare measurements of expiratory collapse obtained using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) of the central airways on routine axial and multiplanar reformatted (MPR) images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty volunteers with normal pulmonary function and no smoking history were imaged using a 64 MDCT system (40 mAs, 120 kVp, 0.625 mm collimation) with spirometric monitoring at end-inspiration and during forced expiration. Measurements of the trachea, right main (RMB) and left main bronchus (LMB) were obtained on axial and MPR images. Inspiratory and dynamic-expiratory cross-sectional area (CSA) measurements were used to calculate the mean percentage expiratory collapse (% Collapse). A paired t-test was used to assess within-subject differences and a Bland-Altman plot was used to assess agreement between the methods. RESULTS: Among 24 men and 26 women (mean age +/- standard deviation 50 +/- 15 years), CSA values were significantly greater on axial than MPR images (all p<0.001); however, the mean difference in % Collapse values for axial versus MPR were small: trachea approximate to 1% (55 +/- 19 versus 56 +/- 18, p = 0.338); LMB identical (60 +/- 20 versus 60 +/- 17 p = 0.856); and, RMB 4% (62 +/- 19 versus 66 +/- 19 p<0.001). On average, creation of MPR required 12 minutes of additional time per case (range = 10-15 min). CONCLUSION: Differences in mean % Collapse for axial versus MPR images were small and unlikely to influence clinical management. This finding suggests that MPR may not be indicated for routine assessment of central airway collapse

Quality initiatives: lean approach to improving performance and efficiency in a radiology department

Many hospital radiology departments are adopting lean methods developed in automobile manufacturing to improve operational efficiency, eliminate waste, and optimize the value of their services. The lean approach, which emphasizes process analysis, has particular relevance to radiology departments, which depend on a smooth flow of patients and uninterrupted equipment function for efficient operation. However, the application of lean methods to isolated problems is not likely to improve overall efficiency or to produce a sustained improvement. Instead, the authors recommend a gradual but continuous and comprehensive lean transformation of work philosophy and workplace culture. Fundamental principles that must consistently be put into action to achieve such a transformation include equal involvement of and equal respect for all staff members, elimination of waste, standardization of work processes, improvement of flow in all processes, use of visual cues to communicate and inform, and use of specific tools to perform targeted data collection and analysis and to implement and guide change. Many categories of lean tools are available to facilitate these tasks: value stream mapping for visualizing the current state of a process and identifying activities that add no value; root cause analysis for determining the fundamental cause of a problem; team charters for planning, guiding, and communicating about change in a specific process; management dashboards for monitoring real-time developments; and a balanced scorecard for strategic oversight and planning in the areas of finance, customer service, internal operations, and staff development

Cine MRI of Tracheal Dynamics in Healthy Volunteers and Patients With Tracheobronchomalacia

OBJECTIVE. Bronchoscopy and MDCT are routinely used to assess tracheobronchomalacia (TBM). Recently, dynamic MRI (cine MRI) has been proposed as a radiation-free alternative to MDCT. In this study, we tested cine MRI assessment of airway dynamics during various breathing conditions and compared cine MRI and MDCT measurements in healthy volunteers and patients with suspected TBM. CONCLUSION. Cine MRI was found to be a technically feasible alternative to MDCT for assessing central airway dynamics

Streptococcus milleri Group Pleuropulmonary Infection in Children: Computed Tomographic Findings and Clinical Features

Objective: Streptococcus milleri group streptococci have recently been increasingly recognized as important pulmonary pathogens, but their imaging features have not been well documented in children. We have recently observed a number of cases of this infection among pediatric patients at our tertiary care, children's hospital. Our purpose was to investigate the computed tomographic (CT) findings and clinical features of S. milleri group pleuropulmonary infection in children. Materials and Methods: We used our hospital information system to identify all consecutive pediatric patients (<18 years of age) who had both a microbiologically proven S. milleri group infection and a chest CT scan between December 1996 and May 2009. Each scan was systemically reviewed by 2 pediatric radiologists for pleural and lung parenchymal abnormalities. Pleural effusions were classified as either simple or complex and correlated with results of pleural fluid analysis. Computed tomographic findings were compared with chest radiographic findings in the subset of patients who underwent radiography within 24 hours of CT. Microbiological data, risk factors, immune status, patient management, and clinical outcome were systematically reviewed. Results: The final study cohort consisted of 15 children (6 boys and 9 girls), ranging in age from 4.2 years to 17.7 years (mean, 10.8 years). All patients were immunocompetent without recognized risk factors for this infection. Thirteen pleural effusions were identified in 10 (67%) of the 15 patients, including 10 complex and 3 simple pleural effusions. All complex effusions at CT were consistent with empyemas by pleural fluid analysis. Lung parenchymal abnormalities were identified in 7 (47%) of the 15 patients, including lung abscess in 4 patients, consolidation in 2, and multiple bilateral pulmonary nodules and lung abscesses in 1. In the subset of 7 patients with comparison radiographs, radiographic and CT findings were concordant for the detection of lung abnormalities, except one case in which consolidation was diagnosed on chest radiography, whereas CT scan showed a lung abscess. Radiographs detected all 4 complex pleural effusions seen on CT scan, although it was not possible to characterize the effusions as simple or complex on the radiographs. Interventional procedures were required in all 15 patients, most commonly thoracentesis (n = 11) and chest tube drainage (n = 9). Conclusions: In children with S. milleri group pleuropulmonary infection, CT often demonstrates complex pleural effusions and lung abscesses, which usually require interventional procedures for effective treatment