The first molecules in the intergalactic medium and halos of the Dark Ages and Cosmic Dawn

We study the formation and destruction of the first molecules at the epochs of the Dark Ages and Cosmic Dawn to evaluate the luminosity of the protogalaxy clumps (halos) in the molecular lines. The cosmological recombination is described using the model of an effective three-level atom, while the chemistry of the molecules is examined using the relevant basic kinetic equations. We then studied the effect of collisional and radiative excitation of molecules on the intensity of molecular emission in both warm and hot halos. Using the Planck data on the reionization of the intergalactic medium at z~6-8, we evaluated the upper limits of the light energy density for four models of thermal light from the first sources that appeared in the Cosmic Dawn epoch. Assuming that in the halos, the light energy density may essentially be even higher, we estimated the impact of the light from the first sources on the formation and destruction of the first molecules. We show that the molecules H2 and HD are destroyed by photodissociation processes shortly before the full reionization in the inter-halo medium, in the medium of both types of halos and for all models of the first light. At the same time, the number density of helium hydride ions, HeH+, shows essentially more complicated dependences on the kinetic temperature of halos and the models of the first light. Furthermore, we estimated the differential brightness temperature of the individual halo in the rotational lines of H2, HD and HeH+ molecules at redshifts corresponding to the Dark Ages and Cosmic Dawn epochs. It does not exceed the microkelvin, but its detection may be an important source of information about the physical processes taking place at the beginning of the formation of the first stars and galaxies at the epochs of the Dark Ages and Cosmic Dawn.Comment: 15 pages, 14 figures, 2 tables; accepted for publication in A&

Samuil Kaplan and the development of astrophysical research at the Lviv University (dedicated to the 100th anniversary of his birth)

Samuil Kaplan (1921-1978) was a productive and famous astrophysicist. He was affiliated with a number of scientific centers in different cities of former Soviet Union. The earliest 13 years of his career, namely in the 1948-1961 years, he worked in Lviv University in Ukraine (then it was called the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic). In the present paper, the Lviv period of his life and scientific activity is described on the basis of archival materials and his published studies. Kaplan arrived in Lviv in June 1948, at the same month when he obtained the degree of Candidate of science. He was a head of the astrophysics sector at the Astronomical Observatory of the University, was a professor of department for theoretical physics as well as the founder and head of a station for optical observations of artificial satellites of Earth. He was active in the organization of the astronomical observational site outside of the city. During the years in Lviv, Kaplan wrote more than 80 articles and 3 monographs in 9 areas. The focus of his interests at that time was on stability of circular orbits in the Schwarzschild field, on white dwarf theory, on space gas dynamics, and cosmic plasma physics, and turbulence, on acceleration of cosmic rays, on physics of interstellar medium, on physics and evolution of stars, on cosmology and gravitation, and on optical observations of Earth artificial satellites. Some of his results are fundamental for development of theory in these fields as well as of observational techniques. The complete bibliography of his works published during the Lviv period is presented. Respective scientific achievements of Samuil Kaplan are reviewed in the light of the current state of research in these areas.Comment: 24 pages, 5 figures; accepted for publication in Europian Physical Journal

Theoretical approaches to delimiting the jurisdiction of commercial, civil and administrative courts

The judiciary is called upon to ensure justice, ensuring human rights and freedoms, and balancing private and public interests. In this aspect, a significant role is played by the correct choice of the court that is authorized to consider a case. This problem is acute in the separation of jurisdiction of commercial, civil and administrative proceedings. In view of this, it is vital to study theoretical approaches to delimiting the jurisdiction of commercial, civil and administrative courts. The aim of the work is to analyze theoretical approaches and problematic issues regarding the delimitation of jurisdiction of commercial, civil and administrative courts. The methodology of the study included such methods as comparison, analogy, generalization, systemic, structural-functional method, method of analysis and synthesis. The study of theoretical approaches to the delimitation of jurisdiction of commercial, civil and administrative courts allowed to analyze the characteristics of each of the jurisdictions. It is also remarked that determining the jurisdiction of the dispute remains a rather difficult problem for the practice of law enforcement, due not only to imperfect legislation, but also to existing dogmas in science and practice. Also, the problem arises in determining the criteria for delimitation of jurisdiction

Essence of Administrative Guarantees of the Rights of Individuals and Legal Entities During State Control (Supervision)

This paper explores the fundamental principles of administrative guarantees related to the protection of the rights of individuals and legal entities during state control and supervision. Through a comprehensive analysis of the current national legislation in Ukraine, this study examines how administrative guarantees serve as an essential component of the mechanism for safeguarding the rights of citizens and organizations during state control and supervision. The research question that guides this study is how administrative guarantees ensure that the rights of controlled individuals and entities are respected and protected during the process of control and supervision. This study finds that there are multiple administrative guarantees used in the implementation of state control and supervision, which can be systematically classified based on various criteria. Overall, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the crucial role that administrative guarantees play in promoting the rights of individuals and legal entities during state control and supervision

Body composition predictors of complicated Crohn’s disease

$\bf Background:$ High visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and creeping fat (CrF) in Crohn’s disease (CD) have been widely recognized. The VAT to subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) ratio and sarcopenia have been associated with CD complications. Studies regarding the influence of body composition predictors on CD complications assessed with magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) are scarce. $\bf Aim:$ The aim of this study was to assess body composition parameters and CrF in opportunistic MRE as predictors of complicated CD. $\bf Methods:$ This was a retrospective study of 114 patients with inflammatory ($\it n$ = 54) and complicated (($\it n$ = 60) CD. The semiautomated assessment of body composition and the qualitative evaluation of CrF were performed. $\bf Results:$ Body composition parameters did not differ between both groups regarding the body mass index (($\it p$ = 0.50), total adipose tissue index (TATI) (($\it p$ = 0.14), subcutaneous adipose tissue index (SATI) (($\it p$ = 0.17), visceral adipose tissue index (VATI) (($\it p$ = 0.33), VAT/SAT ratio (($\it p$ = 0.77), intramuscular adipose tissue (($\it p$ = 0.64), skeletal muscle index (($\it p$ = 0.22), and sarcopenia (($\it p$ = 0.50). 47 strictures, 18 fistulae, and seven abscesses were identified. Fistulae were more likely to occur in patients with CrF (odds ratio [OR] 5.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.76–14.56; p=<0.001) and high VAT/SAT ratio (OR: 3.82, 95% CI 1.34–10.85; ($\it p$ = 0.01). $\bf Conclusion:$ Body composition measurements in CD patients displayed no statistically significant difference between the groups of inflammatory and complicated disease. Nonetheless, CD patients stratified in the group of high VAT/SAT ratio and the presence of CrF should be recognized as risk groups for the occurrence of fistulae