80 research outputs found
Electron Pre-Acceleration at Nonrelativistic High-Mach-Number Perpendicular Shocks
We perform particle-in-cell simulations of perpendicular nonrelativistic
collisionless shocks to study electron heating and pre-acceleration for
parameters that permit extrapolation to the conditions at young supernova
remnants. Our high-resolution large-scale numerical experiments sample a
representative portion of the shock surface and demonstrate that the efficiency
of electron injection is strongly modulated with the phase of the shock
reformation. For plasmas with low and moderate temperature (plasma beta
and ), we explore the
nonlinear shock structure and electron pre-acceleration for various
orientations of the large-scale magnetic field with respect to the simulation
plane while keeping it at to the shock normal. Ion reflection off
the shock leads to the formation of magnetic filaments in the shock ramp,
resulting from Weibel-type instabilities, and electrostatic Buneman modes in
the shock foot. In all cases under study, the latter provides first-stage
electron energization through the shock-surfing acceleration (SSA) mechanism.
The subsequent energization strongly depends on the field orientation and
proceeds through adiabatic or second-order Fermi acceleration processes for
configurations with the out-of-plane and in-plane field components,
respectively. For strictly out-of-plane field the fraction of supra-thermal
electrons is much higher than for other configurations, because only in this
case the Buneman modes are fully captured by the 2D simulation grid. Shocks in
plasma with moderate provide more efficient pre-acceleration.
The relevance of our results to the physics of fully three-dimensional systems
is discussed
Spatio-temporal evolution of the nonresonant instability in shock precursors of young supernova remnants
A nonresonant cosmic-ray-current-driven instability may operate in the shock
precursors of young supernova remnants and be responsible for magnetic-field
amplification, plasma heating and turbulence. Earlier simulations demonstrated
magnetic-field amplification, and in kinetic studies a reduction of the
relative drift between cosmic rays and thermal plasma was observed as
backreaction. However, all published simulations used periodic boundary
conditions, which do not account for mass conservation in decelerating flows
and only allow the temporal development to be studied. Here we report results
of fully kinetic Particle-In-Cell simulations with open boundaries that permit
inflow of plasma on one side of the simulation box and outflow at the other
end, hence allowing an investigation of both the temporal and the spatial
development of the instability. Magnetic-field amplification proceeds as in
studies with periodic boundaries and, observed here for the first time, the
reduction of relative drifts causes the formation of a shock-like compression
structure at which a fraction of the plasma ions are reflected. Turbulent
electric field generated by the nonresonant instability inelastically scatters
cosmic rays, modifying and anisotropizing their energy distribution. Spatial CR
scattering is compatible with Bohm diffusion. Electromagnetic turbulence leads
to significant nonadiabatic heating of the background plasma maintaining bulk
equipartition between ions and electrons. The highest temperatures are reached
at sites of large-amplitude electrostatic fields. Ion spectra show
supra-thermal tails resulting from stochastic scattering in the turbulent
electric field. Together, these modifications in the plasma flow will affect
the properties of the shock and particle acceleration there.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. 16 pages, 15 figure
Kinetic simulations of nonrelativistic perpendicular shocks of young supernova remnants. I. Electron shock-surfing acceleration
Electron injection at high Mach-number nonrelativistic perpendicular shocks
is studied here for parameters that are applicable to young SNR shocks. Using
high-resolution large-scale two-dimensional fully kinetic particle-in-cell
(PIC) simulations and tracing individual particles we in detail analyze the
shock surfing acceleration (SSA) of electrons at the leading edge of the shock
foot. The central question is to what degree the process can be captured in
2D3V simulations. We find that the energy gain in SSA always arises from the
electrostatic field of a Buneman wave. Electron energization is more efficient
in the out-of-plane orientation of the large-scale magnetic field because both
the phase speed and the amplitude of the waves are higher than for the in-plane
scenario. Also, a larger number of electrons is trapped by the waves compared
to the in-plane configuration. We conclude that significant modifications of
the simulation parameters are needed to reach the same level of SSA efficiency
as in simulations with out-of-plane magnetic field or 3D simulations
Kinetic simulations of non-relativistic high-Mach-number perpendicular shocks propagating in a turbulent medium
Strong non-relativistic shocks are known to accelerate particles up to
relativistic energies. However, for Diffusive Shock Acceleration electrons must
have a highly suprathermal energy, implying a need for very efficient
pre-acceleration. Most published studies consider shocks propagating through
homogeneous plasma, which is an unrealistic assumption for astrophysical
environments. Using 2D3V particle-in-cell simulations, we investigate electron
acceleration and heating processes at non-relativistic high-Mach-number shocks
in electron-ion plasma with a turbulent upstream medium. For this purpose slabs
of plasma with compressive turbulence are separately simulated and then
inserted into shock simulations, which requires matching of the plasma slabs at
the interface. Using a novel procedure of matching electromagnetic fields and
currents, we perform simulations of perpendicular shocks setting different
intensities of density fluctuations () in the upstream. The new
simulation technique provides a framework for studying shocks propagating in
turbulent media. We explore the impact of the fluctuations on electron heating,
the dynamics of upstream electrons, and the driving of plasma instabilities.
Our results indicate that while the presence of the turbulence enhances
variations in the upstream magnetic field, their levels remain too low to
influence significantly the behavior of electrons at perpendicular shocks.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ, 17 pages, 10 figure
Запобігання професійних ризиків та зменшення шкідливого впливу на професійне здоров'я працівників компонентів металургійних відходів
Мета роботи: виявлення та аналіз ризиків від шкідливих чинників, пов’язаних із утворенням та зберіганням техногенних відходів, а також шляхів їх усунення.
Підхід дослідження: в якості основного підходу дослідження застосовували ризик орієнтований підхід.
Результати дослідження: виявлено та проаналізовано ризики для працівників металургійних підприємств та мешканців прилеглих територій від шкідливих чинників, пов’язаних із утворенням та зберіганням техногенних відходів металургійного виробництва. Визначено, яким чином можливо уникнути шкідливих чинників або знизити їх дію.
Практична цінність дослідження: запропоновано заходи по зберіганню та переробці техногенних металургійних відходів, спрямовані на мінімалізацію ризику їх шкідливого впливу.
Цінність дослідження: побудовано комплексну графічну схему причинно-наслідкового зв’язку між способами поводження із техногенними металургійними відходами різних видів та ризиками впливу шкідливих чинників із зазначенням найбільш раціональних шляхів поводження.
Майбутні дослідження: розвиток майбутніх досліджень можливий в напрямку розширення використовуваних методів оцінки ризику.
Тип статті: описовий та аналітичний
Підхід до розробки інформаційної системи для екстракції даних з веб
Today, the Internet contains a huge number of sources of information, which is constantly used in our daily lives. It often happens that similar in meaning information is presented in different forms on different resources (for example, electronic libraries, online stores, news sites and etc.). In this paper, we analyze the extraction of information from certain type of web sources that is required by the user. The analysis of the data extraction problem was carried out. When considering the main approaches to data extraction, the strengths and weaknesses of each were identified. The main aspects of the extraction of web knowledge were formulated. Approaches and information technologies for solving problems of syntactic analysis based on existing information systems are analyzed. Based on the analysis, the task of developing models and software components for extracting data from certain types of web resources were solving. A conceptual model of extracting data was developed taking into account web space as an external data source. A requirements specification for the software component was created, which will allow to continue working on the project and to clearly understand the requirements and constraints for implementation. During the process of modeling software, the following diagrams have been developed, such as activities, sequences and deployments, which will then be used to create the finished software application. For further development of the software, a programming platform and types of testing (load and modular) were defined. The obtained results allow to state that the proposed design solution, which will be implemented as a prototype of the software system, can perform the task of extracting data from different sources on the basis of a single semantic template.Сьогодні Інтернет містить величезну кількість джерел інформації, яка постійно використовується в нашому щоденному житті. Часто буває, що схожа за змістом інформація представлена в різній формі на різних ресурсах (наприклад, електронні бібліотеки, інтернет-магазини, новинні сайти). У даній роботі аналізується вилучення інформації з веб-джерел певного типу, яке потрібно користувачеві. Проведено аналіз проблеми вилучення даних. При розгляді основних підходів до екстракції даних були виділені сильні і слабкі сторони кожного. Сформульовано основні аспекти вилучення веб-знань. Проаналізовано підходи та інформаційні технології вирішення проблем синтаксичного аналізу на основі існуючих інформаційних систем. На основі проведеного аналізу була сформована задача розробки моделей і програмних компонентів для отримання даних з веб-ресурсів певного типу. Розроблено концептуальну модель вилучення даних з урахуванням веб-простору як зовнішнього джерела даних. Була створена специфікація вимог для програмного компонента, що дозволить продовжити роботу над проектом, щоб чітко розуміти вимоги і обмеження для реалізації. При моделюванні програмного забезпечення були розроблені наступні діаграми, такі як діаграми класів, активності, послідовності і розгортання, які потім будуть використовуватися для створення готового додатка. Для подальшої розробки програмного забезпечення була визначена платформа програмування і види тестування (навантажувальний і модульне). Отримані результати дозволяють стверджувати, що пропоноване проектне рішення, яке буде реалізовано у вигляді прототипу програмної системи, може виконувати завдання екстракції даних з різних джерел на основі одного семантичного шаблону
Using PIC and PIC-MHD to investigate cosmic ray acceleration in mildly relativistic shocks
Astrophysical shocks create cosmic rays by accelerating charged particles to
relativistic speeds. However, the relative contribution of various types of
shocks to the cosmic ray spectrum is still the subject of ongoing debate.
Numerical studies have shown that in the non-relativistic regime, oblique
shocks are capable of accelerating cosmic rays, depending on the Alfv\'enic
Mach number of the shock. We now seek to extend this study into the mildly
relativistic regime. In this case, dependence of the ion reflection rate on the
shock obliquity is different compared to the nonrelativistic regime. Faster
relativistic shocks are perpendicular for the majority of shock obliquity
angles therefore their ability to initialize efficient DSA is limited. We
define the ion injection rate using fully kinetic PIC simulation where we
follow the formation of the shock and determine the fraction of ions that gets
involved into formation of the shock precursor in the mildly relativistic
regime covering a Lorentz factor range from 1 to 3. Then, with this result, we
use a combined PIC-MHD method to model the large-scale evolution of the shock
with the ion injection recipe dependent on the local shock obliquity. This
methodology accounts for the influence of the self-generated or pre-existing
upstream turbulence on the shock obliquity which allows study substantially
larger and longer simulations compared to classical hybrid techniques.Comment: 38th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Proceedings of Science
(ICRC2023) 54
Pre-acceleration in the Electron Foreshock II: Oblique Whistler Waves
Thermal electrons have gyroradii many orders of magnitude smaller than the
finite width of a shock, thus need to be pre-accelerated before they can cross
it and be accelerated by diffusive shock acceleration. One region where
pre-acceleration may occur is the inner foreshock, which upstream electrons
must pass through before any potential downstream crossing. In this paper, we
perform a large scale particle-in-cell simulation that generates a single shock
with parameters motivated from supernova remnants. Within the foreshock,
reflected electrons excite the oblique whistler instability and produce
electromagnetic whistler waves, which co-move with the upstream flow and as
non-linear structures eventually reach radii of up to 5 ion-gyroradii. We show
that the inner electromagnetic configuration of the whistlers evolves into
complex non-linear structures bound by a strong magnetic field around 4 times
the upstream value. Although these non-linear structures do not in general
interact with co-spatial upstream electrons, they resonate with electrons that
have been reflected at the shock. We show that they can scatter, or even trap,
reflected electrons, confining around of the total upstream electron
population to the region close to the shock where they can undergo substantial
pre-acceleration. This acceleration process is similar to, yet approximately 3
times more efficient than, stochastic shock drift acceleration.Comment: 16 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
The Wetland Map Validation for Ukraine
This paper considers the topical issue of using data from a drone with a very high spatial resolution to solve the problems of validation of individual classes on land cover
maps obtained at the national level with a 10-meter spatial resolution. In particular, this study validated the land cover map for the territory of Ukraine for 2020 and conducted a
comparative analysis of orthophoto data with open Sentinel-2 satellite data, as well as validated some wetland locations from the classification map for Ukraine. Comparative
analysis showed that orthophotoplane data have a correlation from 0.3 to 0.7 depending on the drone survey parameters with the Sentinel-2 satellite, and large wetlands on data with 10-meter spatial resolution are identified with an overall accuracy of 90%, but for more accurate details of wetlands contours correct will be the use of orthophotos data
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