Long-term effects of the Paraguayan War (1864 - 1870): from male scarcity to intimate partner violence

This paper investigates the long-term effects of the Paraguayan War (1864–1870) on intimate partner violence. The identification of these causal effects relies on a novel historical dataset from which I exploit the distance from municipalities to military camps during the war. Over 130 years later, the likelihood of intimate partner violence is still 5.54 percent higher than average in municipalities that were more heavily affected by the war. The loss of life among men led to female-biased sex ratios and defined Paraguay as the 'country of women'. However, I show that, contrary to conventional wisdom, female-biased sex ratios are not the only driver of the long-term effects of the war. Instead, the main transmission channel is the relative status of females within the household. Male scarcity leads to atypical status inconsistencies within the household that do not respect traditional gender roles and induces intimate partner violence that is transmitted across generations

HIV's Vagina Travelogue

Details of how HIV-1 is transmitted across mucosal barriers remain sparse. In this issue of Immunity, Hladik et al. (2007) describe an organ culture system for imaging HIV-1 interaction with vaginal epithelial T cells and Langerhans cells early after infection

The Set of Hemispheres Containing a Closed Curve on the Sphere

Suppose you get in your car and take a drive on the sphere of radius R, so that when you return to your starting point the odometer indicates you\u27ve traveled less than 2πR. Does your path, γ, have to lie in some hemisphere? This question was presented to us by Dr. Robert Foote of Wabash College. Previous authors chose two points, A and B, on γ such that these points divided γ into two arcs of equal length. Then they took the midpoint of the great circle arc joining A and B to be the North Pole and showed that the curve must be contained in the Northern Hemisphere. This type of proof not only answers the existence question, but also yields a specific hemisphere that contains your path. We, however, thought the problem lent itself nicely to integral geometry, which required us to consider the space whose points are hemispheres. This led to a different existence proof and to a solution of the more general question: can you describe and measure the set of all hemispheres that contain γ? An outline of the remainder of this paper follows. In Section 2 we introduce terminology and definitions. The existence of at least one hemisphere containing γ is proved using the ideas of integral geometry in Section 3. Classifying sets of such hemispheres for a single arc, a geodesic triangle, and a geodesic quadrilateral is accomplished in Section 4. Section 5 contains a discussion of convexity on the sphere and how it relates to our question. Our main theorem is stated and proved in Section 6

Bonuses and Bribes: Mood Effects in Memory

Free recall of emotionally positive, neutral, and negative adjectives was used as an indirect assessment of the effects of reward on expectations about intrinsic interest. Reward for performing later activities described as interesting (a bonus orientation) produced recall of a greater number of emotionally positive adjectives, whereas reward for the same activities described as boring (a bribe orientation) produced recall of a larger number of negative adjectives. A cued-expectancy analysis suggests that reward serves to polarize initial attitude about forthcoming tasks; these polarized attitudes, like moods, influence the nature of words retrieved from memory

Autonomy support, intrinsic motivation, and perceived competence : conceptual and empirical linkages

The purpose of this study was to test three models with regard to the linkages among autonomy support, intrinsic motivation, and perceived competence. The first model is based on Cognitive Evaluation Theory and postulates that teachers’ autonomy support influences changes in intrinsic motivation via changes in perceived academic competence. However, the second and the third model are based on the Diathesis Stress Model of Achievement Processes and posit, respectively, that intrinsic motivation could play a mediating and a moderating role in the relation between teachers’ autonomy support and changes in perceived competence. A total of 215 fifth-grade children participated in a longitudinal study over a 1-year period. Results from regression analyses provided some support for the first model but stronger support for the second and third model

Tao-1 Phosphorylates Hippo/MST Kinases to Regulate the Hippo-Salvador-Warts Tumor Suppressor Pathway

SummaryRecent studies have shown that the Hippo-Salvador-Warts (HSW) pathway restrains tissue growth by phosphorylating and inactivating the oncoprotein Yorkie. How growth-suppressive signals are transduced upstream of Hippo remains unclear. We show that the Sterile 20 family kinase, Tao-1, directly phosphorylates T195 in the Hippo activation loop and that, like other HSW pathway genes, Tao-1 functions to restrict cell proliferation in developing imaginal epithelia. This relationship appears to be evolutionarily conserved, because mammalian Tao-1 similarly affects MST kinases. In S2 cells, Tao-1 mediates the effects of the upstream HSW components Merlin and Expanded, consistent with the idea that Tao-1 functions in tissues to regulate Hippo phosphorylation. These results demonstrate that one family of Ste20 kinases can activate another and identify Tao-1 as a component of the regulatory network controlling HSW pathway signaling, and therefore tissue growth, during development

Pasturas: base del Uruguay productivo

El Uruguay es un país pastoril definido por las características de la vegetación de campos (Allen et al., 2011; Berretta et al., 2000) dominante, consecuencia de las características agroecológicas y la presencia de los herbívoros domésticos. Los campos representan el 65% de las 15,4 millones de hectáreas disponibles para la producción, sobre esta área se mantienen una población aproximada de 11,54 millones de vacunos y 8,19 millones de ovinos (http://www.mgap.gub.uy/DGSG/DICOSE/Infirme.2013/DJ2013_Total Nacional.pdf)

La corte rurale lucchese. Dalla solidarietà contadina all’individualismo popolare

A short but rich and documented journey to the placet of the peasant tradition of Lucca’s plain, dedicated to the reading of typical forms of settlement, the rural coutryards. Historical model of residence in the agricultural territory, the rural courtyard in Lucca’s territory, is not only a well definited architectonic typology, but also a real container of social and human values cultivates in the rural traditional culture.

Addition Polymerization Toward the Synthesis of Photoresists for Microlithography with Carbon Dioxide Development

In the drive for smaller image sizes in microelectronic devices, the lithography industry has reached a point where the solvents traditionally used for development are potentially damaging to the images formed. The use of a more gentle solvent, such as supercritical carbon dioxide, has been shown to alleviate this problem. Furthermore, replacement of the solvents in spin-coating and stripping with condensed CO2 could streamline the lithography process as the "wet" solvents would be eliminated. Also, CO2 is an environmentally benign and easily recyclable alternative to the solvents currently used in microlithography for the solvent-intensive steps of processing a photoresist. As next generations of lithographic techniques for imaging a photoresist approach, more stringent requirements are placed on the resist. For 193 nm and 193 nm immersion resists, alicyclic backbones have been shown to impart etch resistance and to elevate glass transition temperatures, while fluorination has been shown to decrease absorbance. As an additional advantage for processing in CO2, fluorination also increases CO2 solubility. Various norbornene-based monomers were synthesized to include fluorinated moieties. Resist materials were synthesized by addition polymerization using allylpalladium chloride dimer. Fluorinated copolymers containing a "chemical switch" have been found to have a significant CO2 solubility difference, as well as a difference in intrinsic viscosities. Dry plasma etching of these polymers has demonstrated moderate etch resistance compared to Novolac. Imaging with an ASML 193 nm scanner has resolved 1 micrometer semidense lines, using CO2 as the developer