Herschel PACS and SPIRE spectroscopy of the Photodissociation Regions associated with S 106 and IRAS 23133+6050

Photodissociation regions (PDRs) contain a large fraction of all of the interstellar matter in galaxies. Classical examples include the boundaries between ionized regions and molecular clouds in regions of massive star formation, marking the point where all of the photons energetic enough to ionize hydrogen have been absorbed. In this paper we determine the physical properties of the PDRs associated with the star forming regions IRAS 23133+6050 and S 106 and present them in the context of other Galactic PDRs associated with massive star forming regions. We employ Herschel PACS and SPIRE spectroscopic observations to construct a full 55-650 {\mu}m spectrum of each object from which we measure the PDR cooling lines, other fine- structure lines, CO lines and the total far-infrared flux. These measurements are then compared to standard PDR models. Subsequently detailed numerical PDR models are compared to these predictions, yielding additional insights into the dominant thermal processes in the PDRs and their structures. We find that the PDRs of each object are very similar, and can be characterized by a two-phase PDR model with a very dense, highly UV irradiated phase (n $\sim$ 10^6 cm^(-3), G$_0$ $\sim$ 10^5) interspersed within a lower density, weaker radiation field phase (n $\sim$ 10^4 cm^(-3), G$_0$ $\sim$ 10^4). We employed two different numerical models to investigate the data, firstly we used RADEX models to fit the peak of the $^{12}$CO ladder, which in conjunction with the properties derived yielded a temperature of around 300 K. Subsequent numerical modeling with a full PDR model revealed that the dense phase has a filling factor of around 0.6 in both objects. The shape of the $^{12}$CO ladder was consistent with these components with heating dominated by grain photoelectric heating. An extra excitation component for the highest J lines (J > 20) is required for S 106.Comment: 20 pages, 10 figures, A&A Accepte

Correlations and the relativistic structure of the nucleon self-energy

A key point of Dirac Brueckner Hartree Fock calculations for nuclear matter is to decompose the self energy of the nucleons into Lorentz scalar and vector components. A new method is introduced for this decomposition. It is based on the dependence of the single-particle energy on the small component in the Dirac spinors used to calculate the matrix elements of the underlying NN interaction. The resulting Dirac components of the self-energy depend on the momentum of the nucleons. At densities around and below the nuclear matter saturation density this momentum dependence is dominated by the non-locality of the Brueckner G matrix. At higher densities these correlation effects are suppressed and the momentum dependence due to the Fock exchange terms is getting more important. Differences between symmetric nuclear matter and neutron matter are discussed. Various versions of the Bonn potential are considered.Comment: 18 pages LaTeX, including 6 figure

Network characteristics of financial networks

We embrace a fresh perspective to auditing by analyzing a large set of companies as complex financial networks rather than static aggregates of balance sheet data. Preliminary analyses show that network centrality measures within these networks could significantly enhance auditors' insights into financial structures. Utilizing data from over 300 diverse companies, we examine the structure of financial statement networks through bipartite graph analysis, exploring their scale-freeness by comparing degree distributions to power-law and exponential models. Our findings indicate heavy-tailed degree distribution for financial account nodes, networks that grow with the same diameter, and the presence of influential hubs. This study lays the groundwork for future auditing methodologies where baseline network statistics could serve as indicators for anomaly detection, marking a substantial advancement in audit research and network science

Relativistic Structure of the Nucleon Self-Energy in Asymmetric Nuclei

The Dirac structure of the nucleon self-energy in asymmetric nuclear matter cannot reliably be deduced from the momentum dependence of the single-particle energies. It is demonstrated that such attempts yield an isospin dependence with even a wrong sign. Relativistic studies of finite nuclei have been based on such studies of asymmetric nuclear matter. The effects of these isospin components on the results for finite nuclei are investigated.Comment: 9 pages, Latex 4 figures include

Maternal postpartum depression is a risk factor for infant emotional variability at 4 months

Maternal postpartum depression (PPD) is a risk for disruption of mother–infant interaction. Infants of depressed mothers have been found to display less positive, more negative, and neutral affect. Other studies have found that infants of mothers with PPD inhibit both positive and negative affect. In a sample of 28 infants of mothers with PPD and 52 infants of nonclinical mothers, we examined the role of PPD diagnosis and symptoms for infants’ emotional variability, measured as facial expressions, vocal protest, and gaze using microanalysis, during a mother–infant face-to-face interaction. PPD symptoms and diagnosis were associated with (a) infants displaying fewer high negative, but more neutral/interest facial affect events, and (b) fewer gaze off events. PPD diagnosis, but not symptoms, was associated with less infant vocal protest. Total duration of seconds of infant facial affective displays and gaze off was not related to PPD diagnosis or symptoms, suggesting that when infants of depressed mothers display high negative facial affect or gaze off, these expressions are more sustained, indicating lower infant ability to calm down and re-engage, interpreted as a disturbance in self-regulation. The findings highlight the importance of not only examining durations, but also frequencies, as the latter may inform infant emotional variability

Combining Individual-Level Discrete Choice Experiment Estimates and Costs to Inform Health Care Management Decisions about Customized Care: The Case of Follow-Up Strategies after Breast Cancer Treatment

AbstractObjectiveCustomized care can be beneficial for patients when preferences for health care programs are heterogeneous. Yet, there is little guidance on how individual-specific preferences and cost data can be combined to inform health care decisions about customized care. Therefore, we propose a discrete choice experiment–based approach that illustrates how to analyze the cost-effectiveness of customized (and noncustomized) care programs to provide information for hospital managers.MethodsWe exploit the fact that choice models make it possible to determine whether preference heterogeneity exists and to obtain individual-specific parameter estimates. We present an approach of how to combine these individual-specific parameter estimates from a random parameter model (mixed logit model) with cost data to analyze the cost-effectiveness of customized care and demonstrate our method in the case of follow-up after breast cancer treatment.ResultsWe found that there is significant preference heterogeneity for all except two attributes of breast cancer treatment follow-up and that the fully customized care program leads to higher utility and lower costs than the current standardized program. Compared with the single alternative program, the fully customized care program has increased benefits and higher costs. Thus, it is necessary for health care decision makers to judge whether the use of resources for customized care is cost-effective.ConclusionsDecision makers should consider using the results obtained from our methodological approach when they consider implementing customized health care programs, because it may help to find ways to save costs and increase patient satisfaction

946-103 Incremental Prognostic Power for Perioperative Cardiac Events of Clinical History and Semi·Quantitative Dobutamine Before Major Vascular Surgery

Using the presence of stress induced ischemia with dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography (DSE) for predicting perioperative cardiac events (CE) in patients undergoing major vascular surgery has a high negative but low positive predictive value (PPV).Aim of the studyto improve the PPV of DSE by combining the value of clinical markers and DSE.Methodsin 300 consecutive patients clinical risk factors (diabetes, angina, Q waves on ECG, age>70 years, and history of ventricular arrhythmias) where assessed. DSE results were analyzed by quantifying the extent and severity of new wall motion abnormalities (NWMA) at peak stress. Also, heart rate threshold (HR-Thres) at which NWMA occurred was noted. Low HR-Thres was defined as NWMA at<70% of maximal age and sex related heart rate.Results27 CE occurred of which 5 cardiac deaths, 12 myocardial infarctions and 10 patients with unstable angina. One-hundred patients had no clinical risk factors, 200 one or more. All but 1 CE occurred in patients with 1 Or more risk factors. In 27 of 72 patients with a positive DSE a CE occurred (PPV 38%). Quantifying the extent and severity of NWMA at peak stress provided no additional information. The HR-Thres at which ischemia occurred improved PPV In 30 patients with a low HR-Thres, 20 CE occurred (PPV 67%). In the remaining 42 patients with a high HR-Thres, only 7 CE occurred (16%). The improvement of PPV from 38% to 67% is statistically highly significant (P < 0.01). All patients with a fatal CE and 8 of 12 patients with a myocardial infarction had a low HR-threshold.Conclusions1) in patients with no clinical risk factors additional stress testing is not efficient. 2) in patients with one or more risk factors semiquantitative DSE allows stratification of patients in low, intermediate, and high risk groups for CE

Averaging in Cosmology

In this paper we discuss the effect of local inhomogeneities on the global expansion of nearly FLRW universes, in a perturbative setting. We derive a generic linearized averaging operation for metric perturbations from basic assumptions, and we explicify the issue of gauge invariance. We derive a gauge invariant expression for the back-reaction of density inhomogeneities on the global expansion of perturbed FLRW spacetimes, in terms of observable quantities, and we calculate the effect quantitatively. Since we do not adopt a comoving gauge, our result incorporates the back-reaction on the metric due to scalar velocity and vorticity perturbations. The results are compared with the results by other authors in this field.Comment: 24 pages, Latex, accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.