How Do Women Who Are Violent In Couple Relationships Understand Their Violent Behaviour?

This study analyses the in-depth accounts of women who are aggressors in intimate partner violence in France. These female high-risk offenders give a rich and detailed description of their understanding of their violence. It seems it is a re-enactment from past traumas and is repetitive and transgenerational. For many years research and public policy in many countries have assumed that men are aggressors and women victims. Often citing self-protection as the explanation used to explain women’s violence, a reaction to their male partner who is aggressive. However, I show that women’s intimate partner violence isn’t always in self-defence. I also show that bidirectional violence, where both men and women are aggressors and victims, is also present. Using a qualitative methodology the data was studied through interpretative phenomenological analysis, with six one-hour interviews from three participants in this sparsely researched area. Three superordinate themes with eight subordinate themes were produced. Superordinate themes were: impact of early family violence; searching for a couple relationship without violence; an urgent need for change, internal world leads to acting-out. The discussion of the results highlights psychodynamic theories, including attachment theory, object relations, and mentalization to understand the women’s violence in a couple context. Psychodynamic couple therapy will benefit from this research as there are few qualitative studies that give a voice to women who are violent in their couple. Deepening our understanding of a woman’s experience of being violent in couple relationships is an original contribution to knowledge, and contributes to the broader understanding of the increasing numbers of domestic violence cases beyond gender stereotypes. The limitations of the study are also discussed as is the need for further qualitative psychodynamic investigation to look at other types of female perpetrated violence in a similar rich and in-depth way

Monetary Policy Targeting in Argentina and Canada in the 1990s: A Comparison, Some Contrasts, and a Tentative Evaluation

There are two generally accepted ways of plotting the aggregate demand (AD) and aggregate supply (AS) curves in the goods market. One puts the price level on the vertical axis (the P - y approach); the other plots the real interest rate on the vertical axis (the r - y approach). This paper develops the theoretical connections between these two approaches that permit one to tell a coherent dynamic story with the AD-AS model and also explores the conditions under which one approach or the other yields greater insight into the working of the model.Monetary Policy; Monetary; Policy

A Synthesis and Study of AlMgB14

PhD - ScienceThis project is specifically concerned with the processing, densification and mechanical properties of hot-pressed AlMgB14, a hard ceramic material. In order to gain a better understanding of the processing and densification of AlMgB14, it was necessary to investigate the Al-Mg-B ternary phase diagram. The study conducted indicated that the continuous solid solution that exists at 900oC between AlB2 and MgB2 recedes towards MgB2 as the temperature is increased from 900oC to 1400oC. The position of the boundary was quantified using X-Ray diffraction and linear regression analysis to estimate the lattice constants. The results obtained using this method were confirmed by a Rietveld method. The final quantification of the solid solution boundary was done using the Rietveld results. From the phase diagram studies it was shown that aluminium rich compositions of the elemental powders Al, Mg and B could be used to produce AlMgB14. Specifically, composites that had a 3 wt.% excess of aluminium were found to produce the densest samples with the lowest porosities. As stated above samples were produced by hot-pressing. Hot-pressing was done on elemental powders of aluminium, magnesium and boron, at various loads between 20 and 75 MPa, temperatures between 900 and 1900oC, soak times of 1 hour and heating rates between 10 and 100oC/min. It was found that for elemental powders, milled in a planetary ball mill with a WC milling media, of Al, Mg and B in the mole ratio of 1:1:14 did not produce AlMgB14 at temperatures of less than 1200oC. For compositions richer in aluminium AlMgB14 could be produced at temperatures of 1000oC. This suggests that the presence of the aluminium liquid phase aids with mass transport and thus the formation of AlMgB14 is facilitated. Pure AlMgB14 was not produced by this method and the predominant impurity was MgAl2O4 (≈ 10 wt.%). It was found that this impurity phase is formed as a result of the oxide content in the starting elemental powders. The amount of MgAl2O4 can be limited by removal of the B2O3 from the starting powders. This is achieved by milling the starting powders in an alcohol, specifically, methanol. B2O3 reacts with the methanol to produce boron esters which volatilise during evaporation of the milling solvent under a reduced pressure. It was also demonstrated that the milling of magnesium and aluminium in a planetary ball mill at 200-250 rpm did not further oxidise the aluminium and magnesium starting powders. The optimum hot pressing parameters for producing dense AlMgB14 were found to be at a temperature of 1600oC, heating rate of 100oC/min, a pushing force of 75 MPa and a soak time of 1 hour. However, samples produced from elemental powders were found to have a preferred orientation perpendicular to the hot-pressing direction. This is not uncommon for hot-pressed materials in which there exists a liquid phase. It was also found that equally dense AlMgB14 could also be produced from micron sized pre-reacted elemental powders at the optimum hot-pressing conditions as those for the elemental powders. Pre-reacted powders were produced at 1400oC, 20 MPa, 10oC/min and 1 hour soak time. Compacts produced from the pre-reacted elemental powders were found to have no preferential alignment of homogeneous microstructure after hot-pressing at 1600oC, 75 MPa, 100oC/min. Samples prepared from the pre-reacted powders contain W2B5 as a secondary phase due to wear associated with WC milling media. Pre-reacted powders were admixed separately with the compounds TiB2, TiC, TiN, Si and WC. Additionally, a compact containing TiB2 and WC was also produced. Because of the reaction of the carbides and nitride with boron containing compounds, additional boron was added to those composites with the added nitrides and carbides in an attempt to minimise the reaction of those nitrides and carbides with the already formed boride phases in the pre-reacted powder. All the composites produced were found to contain only closed porosity (< 3%). The hardness and fracture toughness of these composites were measured from Vickers indents made at a 10 kg loading. The addition of TiB2 (29.5 GPa), TiC (32.1 GPa), TiB2 + WC (29.1 GPa) and Si (31.2 GPa) to the baseline material, AlMgB14, were found to increase the hardness of the baseline material (24 GPa). The addition of TiN did not increase the hardness of the baseline material. WC was found to react with boron and/or boride phases to form platelet-like W2B5 grains. The formation of W2B5 was prevalent in all the compacts because of the introduction of WC from the milling media and vessel. In the composites with Ti-based additions a solid solution (Ti,W)B2 formed. In composites produced with TiB2 a core-rim structure was observed by SEM. Composites based on the additions of TiC and TiN or those with additional boron were found to have no core-rim structure. Composites produced from TiB2 + WC + additional B increased the hardness of the baseline material from 24.0 GPa to 33.8 GPa and the fracture toughness from 7.7 MPam½ to 9.8 MPam½

Christian Kitsch: A Preliminary Examination of Christian Materialism through Theological Aesthetics and Cultural Politics

As a massive phenomenon animating the world of cultural politics, kitsch sensibility emerges in Western Christian materialism as a means to easily mediate genuine, if sentimental, expressions of religious devotion. Scorned by others as the manipulation of “bad taste,” reverence through kitsch in contemporary religious art would be better taken to reflect a crisis in modern religious thought. This thesis employs the theological aesthetics of Hans Urs von Balthasar to argue that modern Christian kitsch is the active mistaking of poor theological quality as a source of beauty, which is primarily felt as the sensibility of losing dynamis. Its evolution through late capitalism conveys an irreversible yet inevitable mutation of faith, understood by Slavoj Žižek as the “suspension of belief” in contemporary Christian consumerism and artful practice. Anticipating the restoration of quality is a reorientation of the imitatio Christi for the articulation of a new theological aesthetics

Numerical Analysis Of A Circulation Control Wing

The objective of this thesis was to develop an experimental method to research circulation control wings using numerical analysis. Specifically, it is of interest to perform 3D wind tunnel testing on a circulation control wing in the Cal Poly Low Speed Wind Tunnel (CPLSWT). A circulation control wing was designed and analyzed to determine the feasibility of this testing. This study relied on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations as a method to predict the flow conditions that would be seen in a wind tunnel test. A CFD simulation was created of a wing model in a wind tunnel domain. Due to high computational requirements, reliable 3D CFD results were not obtained. This led to utilizing 2D CFD models to make estimations about the flow conditions that would be encountered in an experimental environment. The 2D CFD model was validated with previous experimental data on circulation control wings and was shown to accurately capture the flow physics. These 2D CFD results were used to create a set of guidelines to help improve the effectiveness of a future wind tunnel test campaign and demonstrate where further design work needs to be done. The key finding is that it is feasible to perform circulation control testing in the CPLSWT with limitations on the maximum momentum coefficient. Due to internal plenum pressures reaching 66 psi at Cμ=0.35, a limitation should be placed on experimental testing below the choked condition of at Cμ=0.15. This provides a more feasible operating range for the equipment available. The main performance parameter of the airfoil was met with CLMAX=5.01 at Cμ=0.35 which required 0.9 lb/s/m mass flow rate for the 2D model